Removal of Evil eye, Protection from forces that hinder Spiritual development. Protection from Black magic,Animals. Increases self confidence and self assurance. Clarity of thought.. Above all,Mukthi and Gnana are facilitated.
Date of Rig veda in Ramanisblog According to Ramanisblog, the date of the Rig Veda is subject to considerable debate, with modern scholarly estimates generally ranging between 2000 BCE to 1000 BCE[1]. However, Ramanisblog highlights that Hindu tradition considers the Vedas to be timeless and without a specific beginning[1]. Perspectives on Rig Veda Dating Ramanisblog…
Following in the Ai Generated transcript of the Navavarana Pooja Mantras . Recorded and sent to my Shishyas. This is being made public so that this secret knowledge is not lost to posterity. Those who want to be initiated may contact me through mail at ramanan50@gmail.com. Also they can contact through the comment column. If…
When one talks about the History of Mathematics,one must also remember to talk about Numbers and their origin. Numbers, in general ,have been classified into three types.
Decimal
Unary
Positional
Binary.
I have provided information towards the close of the post the details with Links. Now let’s look at the Vedic connection of Numbers.
Numbers in Sanskrit, Vedas .
One shall find references to Numbers in the Vedas. The decimal system and expressing numbers in terms of Tens is mentioned in the Vedas. For instance, the Chamakam Anuvaka refers to Numbers.
Worshippers of Lord Siva recite Rudram with 11 sections followed by Chamakam with 11 sections as a routine prayer every day. This is called the daily nyasam or mode of worship. In the Rudram part, the devotee pays repeated obeisance to Lord Siva and prays for his blessings for human well being. But on special occasions, the number of times the recitation is done is increased.
In Rudra Ekadasi, Rudram is recited 11 times and Chamakam is recited once. After Rudram is recited once, one section or anuvaka ofChamakam is recited in order.
In Laghurudram, Rudra Ekadasi is done 11 times, that is, Rudram is recited 112 or 121 times and Chamakam is recited 11 times.
In Maharudram, 11 Laghurudrams are recited; that is, Rudram is recited 113 = 1331 times and Chamakam 112 = 121 times.
In Atirudram, 11 Maharudrams are recited; that is, Rudram is recited 114 = 14641 times and Chamakam is recited 113 = 1331 times.
The Chamakam mentions completely the ideal of human happiness and defines in the highest degree the desires to be fulfilled without delimiting those to be asked for or to be granted..
DNA and Mathematics in Sri Rudram.
In the Chamakam, in anuvakas or sections 1 to10, the devotee prays for almost everything needed for human happiness and specifies each item. But in the 11th anuvaka or 11th section of Chamakam, the devotee prays for the desired things not specifically but in terms of numbers, first in terms of odd numbers from 1 to 33 and later in multiples of 4 from 4 to 48, as follows:
“Eka cha me, thisrascha may, pancha cha may, sapta cha may, Ekadasa cha may, trayodasa cha may, panchadasa cha may, saptadasa cha may, Navadasa cha may, ek trimshatis cha may, trayovimshatis cha may, Panchavimshatis cha may, saptavimshatis cha may, navavimshatis cha may, Ekatrimshatis cha may, trayatrimshatis cha may, panchatrimshatis cha may, Chatasras cha may, ashtou cha may, dwadasa cha may, shodasa cha may, Vimsatis cha may, chaturvimshatis cha may, ashtavimshatis cha may, Dwathrimashatis cha may, shatstrimshas cha may, chatvarimshas cha may, Chatuschatvarimshas cha may, ashtachatvarimshas cha may” which means:
“Let these be granted to me. One, three, five, seven, nine, eleven, thirteen, seventeen, nineteen, twenty one, twenty three, twenty five, twenty seven, twenty nine, thirty one and thirty three as also four, eight, twelve, sixteen, twenty, twenty four, twenty eight, thirty two, thirty six, forty, forty four and forty eight”.
The Vedas are not mathematical texts; they are merely hymns to the Vedic gods. However, the word Veda means “knowledge”, and when analyzed closely it actually contains many mathematical references, especially in the section on Jyotisa, or “the constellations”. Unfortunately, almost all of these references are implied, so much of the interpretation is largely guesswork. Another reason that the Vedas are hard to interpret is that because it was an oral document, there are no symbols for numbers or operations — only words. It is highly likely, however, that they did use symbols, because without them math becomes very tedious. For example, consider doing a multiplication problem using “four thousand six hundred and thirty-seven times two hundred and eighty-eight.” You would most likely convert the words to symbols, do the math on a piece of paper, and then probably only take the time to convert the answer back into words…..And yet another oddity of the Sanskrit language involves what happens with compound numbers, numbers with more than one “digit” (like “thirty-four”). In normal Sanskrit, compound words (like “servant of the king”) came from left to right in order of prevalence (so our example would be “king-servant”; “servant-king” would mean a servant who was treated well). However, compound numbers are written the opposite way, with the higher digits on the right. (Our number 529 would be written “nine-two-five”.) It is always like this, and there is even a rule included: ankanam vamato gatih, which literally means “the understanding of the numbers in the reverse way…
A good example of a story from which we can extract mathematics is one about a man named Manu.3 Manu had ten wives, who had one, two, three, four, etc. sons each (the first wife had one son, the second wife two, etc.). The one son allied with the nine sons, and the two sons allied with the eight, and so on until the five sons were left by themselves. They asked Manu for help, and so he gave them each a samidh or “oblation-stick”. The five sons then used these sticks to defeat all of the other sons.
On the surface, this is just a silly fable, but it shows several things about Vedic mathematics. Because the ten sons did not ally with anyone, and the nine did with the one, eight with two, and so on, the mathematicians must have been thinking that nine plus one, and eight plus two equal ten. This obviously shows that they practiced addition, and it also implies that they used a base 10, or decimal, system. For the second part of the story, the authors probably added the tens up to find that there were 50 allied sons. When the five remaining sons asked their father for help, it is likely that he gave them just enough mathematical power to defeat the others. This would mean that each stick equaled the strength of 10 men, for a total of 50. With the five sons added to that, they were able to defeat the 50. (Or maybe the father gave them 50 men worth of sticks, thinking it would be an equal battle, but not realizing that the five sons would throw off the balance.) But this 50 business implies both multiplication and division as well, because there were five groups of ten sons allied, or five times ten. Then, when the father went to decide the power of the sticks, he would have had to divide that 50 by five, to split the power equally among the five sons…even further, the story can be shown to symbolize the idea of positional notation — the idea of place values in numerals. (For an example of positional notation, 218 is the same as 200 + 10 + 8, or 2 x 102 plus 1 x 101 plus 8 x 100. In summary, the order of numerals tells how big the numbers are.) The “oblation-sticks” are obviously thought of as very powerful, just as 10 might be thought of as more “powerful” than a lowly 1. So when the 5 “lowly” sons were “added” to the 5 “powerful” sticks, this could have symbolized the 50 and 5 making 55, which is a bigger number (and therefore more powerful) than 50. This view of things also gives further evidence to the fact that they used base 10.
So this simple story shows examples of addition, multiplication, division, base 10, and even positional notation. The Vedas are full of these stories, and many more examples are given throughout of all these concepts, along with subtraction, fractions, and squares.5 There are even instances of arithmetic and geometric sequences, which are series of numbers that increase by adding or multiplying a certain number (arithmetic sequence: 2 (+3 =) 5, 8, 11, 14, … ; geometric sequence: 2 ( x 3 =) 6, 18, 54, … Source. Zimmerman, Francis. “Lilavati, Gracious Lady of Arithmetic.” UNESCO Courier. Nov, 1989, p 20. [bibliography entry] 2 Pandit, M. D. Mathematics as Known to the Vedic Samhitas. Dehli, India: Sri Satguru Publications, 1993, p 153. [bibliography entry]
3 From Maitrayani Samhita (part of the Vedas), section 1.5.8, trans. M. D. Pandit. [bibliography entry]
4 Most of the ideas in this paragraph come from Pandit, p 102.
5 See Pandit for more details
Going
A numeral system (or system of numeration) is a writing system for expressing numbers; that is, a mathematical notation for representing numbers of a given set, using digits or other symbols in a consistent manner. The most commonly used system of numerals is decimal. Indian mathematicians are credited with developing the integer version, the Hindu–Arabic numeral system.The simplest numeral system is the unary numeral system, in which every natural number is represented by a corresponding number of symbols. If the symbol / is chosen, for example, then the number seven would be represented by ///////….The unary notation can be abbreviated by introducing different symbols for certain new values. Very commonly, these values are powers of 10; so for instance, if / stands for one, − for ten and + for 100, then the number 304 can be compactly represented as +++ //// and the number 123 as + − − /// without any need for zero. This is called sign-value notation. More elegant is a positional system, also known as place-value notation. Again working in base 10, ten different digits 0, …, 9 are used and the position of a digit is used to signify the power of ten that the digit is to be multiplied with, as in 304 = 3×100 + 0×10 + 4×1 or more precisely 3×102 + 0×101 + 4×100. Zero, which is not needed in the other systems, is of crucial importance here, in order to be able to “skip” a power. The Hindu–Arabic numeral system, which originated in India and is now used throughout the world, is a positional base 10 system.In computers, the main numeral systems are based on the positional system in base 2 (binary numeral system), with two binary digits, 0 and 1. Source.https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numeral_system
This article is in continuation of my articles on history of Mathematics. In my earlier articles, I had presented an overview of History of Mathematics and how ancient references and works of Indians are ignored while those that came later were recognised; List of Mathematicians before Christ; Twenty Nine Sutras of Mathematics; Concept of Infinity and Nothing.In the present article let me explore more, especially advanced Mathematical Concepts in Vedas.
For the Twenty Nine Sutras of Vedic Mathematics, criticism is that it is not actually found in the Vedic Texts and it is only ‘Tricks of Vedic Thought ‘ The system works and nobody has refuted it.So if these Sutras were tricks and how come they work? If it is misinterpretation, then the Inventor should have been awarded the Nobel Prize for Mathematics!
Sulaba Sutras of Kathyayana.
Before attempting to understand Indian Concepts, including metaphysics, Science,the student should remember that Vedas are Spiritual in Nature; they give importance to Ontology and Self Realisation and what we call as Scientific knowledge which is useful for day to day life is regarded as lower knowledge,Apara Vidya.The practical applications of Scientific thoughts can be found in Vedic Practices,like designing a an Altar for Yagnya; the velocity of Light in the description of Surya: the movement of the Sun in the Galaxy and Universe in Sisumara Chakra; the Milky way galaxy in Vishnu’s description; Mitochondrial Pairs on Chamaka; Astronomy and Cosmology in Purana;Large numbers,Very small numbers in Astronomical texts of India;Of Nothing and Infinity in Nadadiya Suktha.And there is more.So one should read carefully,nay they are to be studied,not Read.And Vedas have sub texts or Limbs. They are called Vedangas. These contain information that is needed to lead life. These texts also contain scientific truths.
Let us look at some Vedic Concepts in Mathematics. I have quoted from sources like Wikipedia and the sources for Wiki articles.Wiki sources have been verified by me and am providing references in this article.
Several Mathematicians and Historians mention that the earliest of the texts were written beginning in 800 BCE by Vedic Hindus based on compilations of an oral tradition dating back to 2000 BCE.
Datta, Bibhutibhusan (1931). “On the Origin of the Hindu Terms for “Root””. The American Mathematical Monthly. 38 (7): 371–376. doi:10.2307/2300909. ISSN 0002-9890. JSTOR 2300909.
The Vedic civilization originated in India bears the literary evidence of Indian culture, literature, astronomy and mathematics. Written in Vedic Sanskrit the Vedic works, Vedas and Vedangas (and later Sulbasutras) are primarily religious in content, but embody a large amount of astronomical knowledge and hence a significant knowledge of mathematics. Some chronological confusion exists with regards to the appearance of the Vedic civilization. S Kak states in a very recent work that the time period for the Vedic religion stretches back potentially as far as 8000BC and definitely 4000BC. It is also worthwhile briefly noting the astronomy of the Vedic period which, given very basic measuring devices (in many cases just the naked eye), gave surprisingly accurate values for various astronomical quantities. These include the relative size of the planets the distance of the earth from the sun, the length of the day, and the length of the year. Some of Vedic works are:
All four arithmetical operators (addition, subtraction, multiplication and division).
A definite system for denoting any number up to 1055 and existence of zero.
Prime numbers.
Among the other works mentioned, mathematical material of considerable interest is found:
Arithmetical sequences, the decreasing sequence 99, 88, … , 11 is found in the Atharva-Veda.
Pythagoras’s theorem, geometric, constructional, algebraic and computational aspects known. A rule found in the Satapatha Brahmana gives a rule, which implies knowledge of the Pythagorean theorem, and similar implications are found in the Taittiriya Samhita.
Fractions, found in one (or more) of the Samhitas.
Equations, 972x2 = 972 + m for example, found in one of the Samhitas. Sites Google
Sulba Sutras
The Shulba Sutras or Śulbasūtras ( rope”) are sutra texts belonging to the Śrauta ritual and containing geometry related to fire-altar construction.
They are the only sources of knowledge of Indian mathematics from the Vedic period. Unique fire-altar shapes were associated with unique gifts from the Gods. For instance, “he who desires heaven is to construct a fire-altar in the form of a falcon”; “a fire-altar in the form of a tortoise is to be constructed by one desiring to win the world of Brahman” and “those who wish to destroy existing and future enemies should construct a fire-altar in the form of a rhombus”….The four major Shulba Sutras, which are mathematically the most significant, are those attributed to Baudhayana, Manava, Apastamba and Katyayana.Their language is late Vedic Sanskrit, pointing to a composition roughly during the 1st millennium BCE. The oldest is the sutra attributed to Baudhayana, possibly compiled around 800 BCE to 500 BCE. Pingree says that the Apastamba is likely the next oldest; he places the Katyayana and the Manava third and fourth chronologically, on the basis of apparent borrowings. According to Plofker, the Katyayana was composed after “the great grammatical codification of Sanskrit by Pāṇini in probably the mid-fourth century BCE”, but she places the Manava in the same period as the Baudhayana…There are multiple commentaries for each of the Shulba Sutras, but these were written long after the original works. The commentary of Sundararāja on the Apastamba, for example, comes from the late 15th century CE and the commentary of Dvārakãnātha on the Baudhayana appears to borrow from Sundararāja.According to Staal, certain aspects of the tradition described in the Shulba Sutras would have been “transmitted orally”, and he points to places in southern India where the fire-altar ritual is still practiced and an oral tradition preserved. The fire-altar tradition largely died out in India, however, and Plofker warns that those pockets where the practice remains may reflect a later Vedic revival rather than an unbroken tradition. Archaeological evidence of the altar constructions described in the Shulba Sutras is sparse. A large falcon-shaped fire altar (śyenaciti), dating to the second century BCE, was found in the excavations by G. R.Sharma at Kausambi, but this altar does not conform to the dimensions prescribed by the Shulba Sutras..
Plofker (2007), p. 387, “Certain shapes and sizes of fire-altars were associated with particular gifts that the sacrificer desired from the gods: ‘he who desires heaven is to construct a fire-altar in the form of a falcon’; ‘a fire-altar in the form of a tortoise is to be constructed by one desiring to win the world of Brahman’; ‘those who wish to destroy existing and future enemies should construct a fire-altar in the form of a rhombus’ [Sen and Bag 1983, 86, 98, 111].”
^ abc Plofker (2007), p. 387
^ ab Pingree (1981), p. 4
^ ab Plofker (2009), p.18
^ Plofker (2009), p. 11
^ Pingree (1981), p. 6
^ Delire (2009), p. 50
^ Staal (1999), p. 111
^ Plofker (2009), p 19.
^ Bürk (1901), p. 554
^ Heath (1925), p. 362
^ “Square Roots of Sulbha Sutras”. pi.math.cornell.edu. Retrieved 2020-05-24.
^ Datta, Bibhutibhusan (1931). “On the Origin of the Hindu Terms for “Root””. The American Mathematical Monthly. 38 (7): 371–376. doi:10.2307/2300909. ISSN 0002-9890. JSTOR 2300909.
^ Gupta (1997), p. 154
^ Staal (1999), pp. 106, 109–110
^ Seidenberg (1978)
^ van der Waerden (1983)
^ Van der Waerden, Barten L (1983). Geometry and Algebra in Ancient Civilizations. Springer Verlag. p. 12. ISBN 0387121595.
^ Joseph, George Gheverghese (1997). “What Is a Square Root? A Study of Geometrical Representation in Different Mathematical Traditions”. Mathematics in School. 26 (3): 4–9. ISSN 0305-7259. JSTOR 30215281.
^ Boyer (1991), p. 207, “We find rules for the construction of right angles by means of triples of cords the lengths of which form Pythagorean triages, such as 3, 4, and 5, or 5, 12, and 13, or 8, 15, and 17, or 12, 35, and 37. However all of these triads are easily derived from the old Babylonian rule; hence, Mesopotamian influence in the Sulvasutras is not unlikely. Aspastamba knew that the square on the diagonal of a rectangle is equal to the sum of the squares on the two adjacent sides, but this form of the Pythagorean theorem also may have been derived from Mesopotamia. … So conjectural are the origin and period of the Sulbasutras that we cannot tell whether or not the rules are related to early Egyptian surveying or to the later Greek problem of altar doubling. They are variously dated within an interval of almost a thousand years stretching from the eighth century B.C. to the second century of our era.”
^ Krishnan, K S (2019). Origin of Vedas, Chapter 5. Notion Press. ISBN 978-1645879800.
It is quite rare to find online Discussions on important issues confronting Science. Many Concepts of Science need discussion.Science is often understood to be the domain of specialists and is difficult for a common man to understand. Because of this erroneous perception,many psudeo specialists gain popularity and they misinform public.
My experience has been that most scientists communicate very fluently and explain seemingly difficult concepts in very simple terms.
I have been writing this blog concentrating on Hinduism,it’s presence throughout the world, advanced Scientific Concepts in ancient in Indian texts.
Readers may find Philosophy, Advanced theories in Astronomy, Quantum, The problem of Perception in my site.
I have also devoted a lot of time to publish articles on Space ,Time,Parallel Universes, Universal Consciousness and How every thing in the Universe in connected.
Mind.. What is it?Is it simply the Brain? What is Intellect?What is consciousness?What is awareness? Are we aware because we are conscious?Or is it the other way around?
What is Space and how is it related to Mind?
These are very vital questions in Science.
These points are addressed to in the programme as detailed below.
Please go through the note and enjoy an Intellectual feast.
Programmes of this nature are conducted by Prime Point Foundation which was founded Inspired by Dr.Abdul Kalam ,Past President of India.Under the guidance and active participation of Sri. Srinivasan,this organisation is spreading True Knowledge by inviting eminent people from each field to disseminate Wisdom and True science.
One of the Speakers is my close friend Dr.A.V.Srinivasan,world renowned Neurophysician and an authority in his chosen field.He was also the President of Indian Neurology Congress.
A very well read Scientist and Doctor with a human touch who has been helping the downtrodden by providing Free consultation, Medicines and Food once a week for the past twelve years(is it more?),Dr. AVS is a rare human being in Humility and thirst for Knowledge.
Another speaker is Dr.Sivathanu Pillai,Scientist and Father of Brahmos Missile.
The topic.
Mind Brain and Science- Where do they meet?
For the information of my readers ,I will be one of the invitees to take part in the event as a listener and will be interacting with them through my questions.
Sangamam: Fusion of Great Minds” – A new initiative from Prime Point Foundation
Prime Point Foundation with the support of eMagazine PreSense and Digital Journalists Association of India (DiJAI) is starting a new initiative of Intellectual Discussion titled “Sangamam : Fusion of Great Minds” to be hosted every last Sunday of the month at 6 pm through Zoom, YouTube, Twitter and Facebook .
Two nationally renowned intellectuals will be invited to discuss a topic of relevance.
Although the discussions will be streamed live through YouTube, Twitter and Facebook, only selected interested intellectual persons will be invited to login to Zoom for direct interaction with the experts and raise questions.
The first episode of this new initiative will be held on Sunday, 30th August 2020 from 6 pm to 7.15 pm IST.
Padma Bhushan Dr A Sivathanu Pillai (Eminent Scientist of DRDO and ISRO and Father of BrahMos Missile) and Dr A V Srinivasan (Internationally renowned Neurologist) will discuss and deliberate on the topic, “Mind, Brain and Science : Where do they Meet?”.
Both have 50 years of experience in their respective domains and are well-known for their excellence and achievement.
After the discussion, there will be a Question and Answer Session for 15 to 20 minutes, from the audience who login to Zoom. before 28th Aug 2020.
This is an exclusive Premium Programme.
This programme can be watched live through the links.
I have been, in this blog, maintaining that Science at best is workable hypothesis for the time being and there is no certainty about it.
And the Scientists hide under the cloak of Axioms, which you are not allowed to question.
They say it is self-evident.
Science is built on faulty logic.
That a certain result shall follow a given set of cause/s/events under similar conditions.
What people forget or do not dare to question is that all the conditions in any scientific testing or experiments are not in our control , we do not know how reliable they are and we are not guaranteed the circumstances shall remain repeatedly the same.
That Nature shall behave uniformly is a fallacy not supported by Logic.
We can not say Nature shall behave uniformly for we have not examined all the cases of Nature and it is impossible to know this.
We assume it shall.
Many researchers have labored under the misbelief that the p-value gives the probability that their study’s results are just pure random chance. Credit: Lenilucho/Wikipedia
Secondly Science is certain of Causal relationship ,that is an effect has a Cause and a Cause must produce a result.
Logically a Cause may have more than One effect and one effect may have more than one Cause.
Therefore this is also faulty.
(Indian Philosophy addresses this problem by Parinama Vada and Vivatha Vada)
And the scientists also assumes many tools for verification of data,those that are purely imaginary and have no factual basis.
Now a Testing tool used by Psychology is found to be wrong and so are the three million scientific papers based on these tools.
Worse is that this has happened in Applied Psychology
How the patients were ever cured based on these scientific papers only GOK!
”
Psychology researchers have recently found themselves engaged in a bout of statistical soul-searching. In apparently the first such move ever for a scientific journal the editors of Basic and Applied Social Psychologyannounced in a February editorial that researchers who submit studies for publication would not be allowed to use a common suite of statistical methods, including a controversial measure called the p-value.
These methods, referred to as null hypothesis significance testing, or NHST, are deeply embedded into the modern scientific research process, and some researchers have been left wondering where to turn. “The p-value is the most widely known statistic,” says biostatistician Jeff Leek of Johns Hopkins University. Leek has estimated that the p-value has been used at least three million scientific papers. Significance testing is so popular that, as the journal editorial itself acknowledges, there are no widely accepted alternative ways to quantify the uncertainty in research results—and uncertainty is crucial for estimating how well a study’s results generalize to the broader population.
Unfortunately, p-values are also widely misunderstood, often believed to furnish more information than they do. Many researchers have labored under the misbelief that the p-value gives the probability that their study’s results are just pure random chance. But statisticians say the p-value’s information is much more non-specific, and can interpreted only in the context of hypothetical alternative scenarios: The p-value summarizes how often results at least as extreme as those observed would show up if the study were repeated an infinite number of times when in fact only pure random chance were at work.
This means that the p-value is a statement about imaginary data in hypothetical study replications, not a statement about actual conclusions in any given study. Instead of being a “scientific lie detector” that can get at the truth of a particular scientific finding, the p-value is more of an “alternative reality machine” that lets researchers compare their results with what random chance would hypothetically produce. “What p-values do is address the wrong questions, and this has caused widespread confusion,” says psychologist Eric-Jan Wagenmakers at the University of Amsterdam
..
Ostensibly, p-values allow researchers to draw nuanced, objective scientific conclusions as long as it is part of a careful process of experimental design and analysis. But critics have complained that in practice the p-value in the context of significance testing has been bastardized into a sort of crude spam filter for scientific findings: If the p-value on a potentially interesting result is smaller than 0.05, the result is deemed “statistically significant” and passed on for publication, according to the recipe; anything with larger p-values is destined for the trash bin.
Quitting p-values cold turkey was a drastic step. “The null hypothesis significance testing procedure is logically invalid, and so it seems sensible to eliminate it from science,” says psychologist David Trafimow of New Mexico State University in Las Cruces, editor of the journal.’
In plain English the p value is imaginary and has no basis.
I can foresee a host of scientists coming out against this post using fancy jargon, while the questions raised by me remain unanswered/will remain so.
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