Russia was known as Rishi Varsha an it surrounded the Bharata Varsha as described in the Puranas.
There have been migrations from India, from the Sarasvati Valley Civilization,from the Dravida Kingdoms, and from the North again.
There is enough evidence in the present Russia right from the names of Rivers,Olga,Moksha from which Moscow is derived,Karaggana, Utkaraganga,
People living in the valley of the River Moksha spoke a language Moksha!
Place Arkaim, the name of Surya, Sun is Arka.
Arkaim is an important archeological site .
Many Hindu Ritual signs are found here.
One finds the designs of swastika here and this site is dated 4500BC!
Arkaim, Russia.
Arkaim.
But reasonable reactions notwithstanding, why have people who are looking for their roots in the direction of Vedic ancestry been more suspect than any other indigenous people curious about their heritage? After all, it would appear to be an uncommonly large area upon which such ancestors would have enjoyed their apparently advanced culture. Such a culture would seem to have “fed” much of what we now call Western civilization and parts of Asia, including migrated tribes, such as American Indians and even Europeans settling America.
Moreover, as we also explore elsewhere regarding linguistic research efforts around the so-called Nostratic or Proto-Language question, some linguists are struggling with the possibility of linguistic ancestral roots for possibly ALL humankind, of all colors, so that the suspect idea of any “superiority” should be supported as an excitement for all of humanity maybe re-discovering its true origin and common spiritual heritage.
Mahabharata describes the route to Russia while talking about Kekaya Kingdom.
Kaikeyi of Ramayana was born here.
“Lahore was the kingdom of Lava, son of Rama. ead my post on this.
Peshawar was the kingdom of Pushkalavathy ruled by Pushkala, son of Bharatha.
These two cities were established during the reign of Rama, the son of Dasaratha. These cities are in the route toKekaya, today’s Kazaksthan which was the maternal land of Kaikeyi, mother of Bhratha. One has to cross riverChakshus to reach Kekaya. This river is now known as Oxus . It is shown in blue colour in this picture”
The Route to Russia,, Mahabharata.
People who lived in the valley near Moscow worshiped Indra and Vayu.
Moscow Empire was ruled by women called Sthree Rajya.
It was dominated by women – due to which it got the name Sthree Rajya – the land of women or dominated by women. They were supposed to seduce men and lead a free life.
Varaha mihira has mentioned this place as one of the countries surrounding Bharatha varsha.
Vatsyanana also has mentioned about Sthree Rajya in the context of “Grama naari vishayam” where he has said that the women of Sthree Rajya were free to have sex with a any man they liked.
Bhattasmin , the commentator for Artha sastra also has talked about SthreRajya as a country abounding in luxurious artilces and happiness.
Please read my post on where an ancient Vishnu Idol was found in Russia.
Also there are suggestions that the Rig Veda might have been composed in the Arctic.
Please refer my post.
So what now is called Russia was following Santana Dharma and many Rishis, Yagnyavalkya and Vasishta traveled and stayed there.,near Vaikhanasa now called Baikal.
My research into Sanatana Dharma having spread through out the world has come to a sort of shape.
Studies on Vedas, Puranas ,Ithihasas and Tamil literature has given me a fair idea.
Cross checking this information with the geographical information with the Legends and the Physical locations of the world provide some interesting information.
I have written auite a few articles on the evidence of Sanatana Dharma being present throughout the world, with the help of archeological findings, culture and linguistics.
Sanatana Dharma was in practice in Sri Lanka,Malaysia, Cambodia,Vietnam, Laos, Philippines,Japan,Fiji,China, New Zealand, Australia on the eastern side of the present India,
South America, Central America,Mexico and North America(US).
This Sanatana Dharma had Dravida or South India conncetion.
This becomes evident when one reads Sanskrit Literature and Hindu religious texts in conjunction with Tamil literature and cross referencing the events found in these texts with the Great floods referred to in them.
Lord Rama’s ancestor Satyavrata Manu migrated from the South , land between Goa and the Indian Ocean, to Ayodhya with his two sons.
His other son with the help of Ganesha and Shiva moved towards the West through the Arabian Sea and settled down in Europe and Africa.
This happened during the third Great Flood.
But the is another reference to the migration of the people from the Sarasvati Valley/Indus Valley towards North through Afghanistan and Russia .
A group among these moved into Europe as well.
This accounts for the migration of people from Asia into Europe in intermittent waves.
Sagara, he ancestor of Rama, more ancient than Satyavrata Manu who moved from the South to North.
This was the period when Ganga, the Ganges did not flow.
This was subsequently brought (Ganges) by Bhagiratha, Sagara’s descendant.
Sagara fought a great Battle with the Kings of the South,they were also a part of Sanatana Dharma and won.
He banished them to the west through Afghanistan and asked them not to practice Sanatana Dharama, have the heads shaved and cursed them to be called Milechas.
Milecha is the term used in a derogatory sense to indicate the people of the west.
This is also the reason for prohibiting Sanatana Dharma followers from traveling through the Ocean.
Some of these people settled down Russia and moved into Arctic as well.
Among these people who were prohibited from learning the Vedas, some of them did.
They established Sanatana Dharma and Hindu practices in the Arctic and Russia.
The descendents of this group probably came down to India at a later date through SouthEast of Russia, Afghanistan into Indus Valley.
This probably is called the present Indus Valley Civilization.
Now to the evidence of Sanatana Dharam having been present in Russia.
Airavatha Varsha as described in Puranas.Airavatha Varsha.
Lake Baikal in Russia.
In Sudharshana Dweepa” , the rule of Sanatana Dharma was in place.
It had Bharath in the South (rectangle area in the bottom of this picture) with
Hemakuta or Himalayas in its northern limits,
an intermediary Ilavarsha to the north of Himalayas (noted in dark red square in the middle) and
a vast Airavatha varsha in extreme north of the Sudharshana dweepa.
Most of Russia is covered by Airavatha varsha.
Airavatha is the name of the elephant of Indra, the titular king of the Devas.
The Deva territory is close to the North pole where there was sunlight continuously for 6 months and darkness continuously for 6 months.
The elephant, Airavatha in all probability was the Woolly mammoth which became extinct about 10,000 years ago.
Skanda secured the release of Indra’s son, Jayanthaand killed Sura padma. (Skanda Puaana)
Skanda described in this purana coincides with Ugra kumara born to Meenakshi and Sundareswara who started the first Sangam assemblage in the South-Madurai (Then-Madurai) in Deep South about 11,000 years ago.(post on this follows)
Before the last glaciation, the territory near north pole was very much habitable. The locations called Amaravathy, capital city of Devas and Uttar Kuru existed in Siberia.
The route to Uttarkuru and Deva territories is explained in Valmiki Ramayana through the narration of Shugreevawho detailed the places to be seen and searched to find out Seetha in the north of Bharath. (Valmiki Ramayana -4-43)
Read my post On Sugreeva’s direction to vanaras to search for Sita in Peru.
Once having crossed the vast Himalayas, he describes a pure-water lake called Vaikhanas where sages used to do penance.
This coincides with Lake Baikal.. There is an opinion that the name Russia was derived from Rishi varsha.
There is a mention of Rishi varsha in scriptures which goes well with this region. The presence of Devas in this part of the globe in a distant past had attracted sages to this place.
It is derived from the Persian word ‘rana’ or ‘ra’. But this word ‘rasa’ is a straight Sanskrit word meaning essence, juice, nectar, elixir, soup, love, the finest part of anything and so on.
This name perfectly fits with the river of fine water quality From the river’s name Rasa, the name Russia was derived.
Volga’s tributary is called as ‘Oka’. People connect it with the Latin Aqua which means water, whereas the root word Apa ins again a straight Sanskrit word meaning the same.
From Apa comes ‘aapa-saras’ the waterway and from that ‘apsaras’ the beautiful girls who enjoy playing in the aapa-saras.
This region of Russia was identified with Apsaras women. Menaka, Urvasi, Thiloththama etc were all apsara women who were known to have seduced men.
Another tributary of Volga is known by a name which is very familiar to any Hindu.
It is river ‘Moksha’ which means salvation in Sanskrit.
There is another tributary nearer to this Moksha called as “Mokswa”.
Moscow got its name from Mokswa because of its location on the banks of this river!
Article to follow on Arctic being a Home of The Vedas.
The model of a human figure found here showed a tuft on the head of a person.Brahmin with Traditioanl Tuft at the back of the Head.
I have posted articles on this, Lemuria The Home Of Tamils,Tamil Nadu,the Whole of Tamil Land,Lemuria Climate, Tamil dates over 50,000 years.
The views currently in vogue are.
1.Lumria, Kumari Kandam had an independent culture , different from the Sanatana Dharma-I do not subscribe to this view.
I have posted an article with evidence that Sanatana Dharma was the Religion of the Tamils.
2.The Aryans pushed the Tamils in Lemuria towards the South.
This is based on the now busted Aryan Invasion theory.I do not agree to this.Arya Invasion Theory a, A Myth-please refer my post.
3.The Kumari Kandam people pushed the Aryans to towards the north, triggering exodus to Europe.
This calls for more investigation and I shall post my views on this.
There additional archaeological proof that the Kumari kandam had been a Home for Sanatana Dharma, specifically the Brahmins.
Skeleton Models found in Gobekli Tepe and Nevali Cori located on the Euphrates in Southern Turkey show temples and figures carved in stone established at a time between 10th and 8thMillennium BC.
The tufted Brahmin image/idol is found here.
Turkey and Euphrates valley was a part of KumariKandam and there is a view that the Sumerian Civilization might have links to it, Tamils might be the forerunners of the Sumerians.
This fits with my contention that an already evolved people of the South called Kumeru had gone to the North and established Sumeru and continued their Vedic practices.
The excavated region has the features resembling temples. The interesting feature of the temples is that they are oval or circular shaped.
While people give much credence to the names of kings mentioned in Tamil Sangam literature, the same attention has not been paid to the geographical description found therein.
Lets us take the description of the Five Divisions of Land according to Tholkappiyama nd other Grammatical works.
.
The land mass here the Tamils lived as divided and named into Five distinct geographical entities.
One can n find these five regions is the present Tamil Nadu as it is to-day.
The present conception of Lemuria or Kumari Kandam might explain this phenomena.
This was a large landmass that got submerged in, possibly a tsunami.
View. 1.
There was a mountain chain south of the Tamraparani River,which was an extension of the Wastern ghats.
It as submerged in the sea.
That as called the Malaya Parvatha and there are references to it in the Mahbharata and Ramayana.
There was a king called Malayathvaja, whose daughter as Meenakshi and legend has it that she married Lord Shiva.
That is now being called a Madurai , which is erroneous.
The Madurai here Malayathaja ruled as The Madurai(South Madurai) which submerged.
This continuation of the Western Ghats , Malaya Parvatha is called Sakatdvipa.
One Sarangathdja fought with Asathama, after Drona as killed, in the Mahabharata War.
There are refernces to the Pandyas being adorned with Sandalood paste obtained from the Malayamarutha.(Raja Suya Yaga, Mahabharata)
This Sakat Dvipa resembled the ears of a Hare and it as described as hanging from the Bharatavarsha(Mahabharrata).
This Malayaparvatham was reported South of Tamraparani,currently in Tirunelveli District.
Silappathikaram also mentions that the sandalwood paste as from the forests where the Western Ghats and the Malaya Parvata meet.
Kumari Kandam ith Cities.
Sakatdvipa was 25,600,000 mile
The 49 lands
This land was divided into 49 Naadu, or territories (probably of the size of small districts) between Kumari river and Pahruli / Prahuli / Pakruli river. These are named as seven coconut territories (Ezhu Tenga Natu), seven Madurai territories (Ezhu Maturai Natu), seven old sandy territories (Ezhu Mun-palai Natu), seven new sandy territories (Ezhu Pin-palai Natu), seven mountain territories (Ezhu Kunra Natu), seven eastern coastal territories (Ezhu Kuna Karai Natu) and seven dwarf-palm territories (Ezhu Kurum Panai Natu). All these lands, together with the many-mountained land that began with Kumari-Kollam, with forests and habitations, were submerged by the sea.
Two of these submerged Nadus or territories of Kumari Kandam were supposedly parts of present-day Kollam and Kanyakumari districts.
The above description match perfectly with Kumari Kandam map developed using bathymetry studies since it shows the western extent of Kumari Kandam along the coast of Kerala where lies Kollam.
”
இன்றைக்கு மஹேந்திர மலை என்பது திருக்குறுங்குடி என்னும் வைணவ திவ்விய தேசத்தில் இருக்கிறது. இங்கிருந்துதான் அனுமன் இலங்கைக்குத் தாவிச் சென்றிருக்கிறான். இந்தப் பகுதியைப் பற்றிச் சொல்வதற்கு முன்னாலேயே, தாமிரபரணி ஆற்றைக் கடந்தபின் மலய பர்வதத்தின் தொடர்ச்சியாக சொல்லப்பட்ட இடத்தில் கவாடபுரம் என்னும் பாண்டியன் தலைநகரைப் பற்றி சுக்ரீவன் சொல்கிறான். இது தென்கடலுடன் இணையும் மேற்குத் தொடர்ச்சி மலைப் பகுதியாகும். இந்தப் பகுதியைப் பற்றிய சுவையான தகவல்களை அடியார்க்கு நல்லார் மூலம் நாம் அறிகிறோம்.
சிலப்பதிக்கார உரையில் (8-1), ஏழேழ் நாற்பத்தொன்பது நாடுகள் பற்றி அவர் கூறியதை முந்தின பகுதியில் கண்டோம். அவை எல்லாம் கடலுக்குல் அமிழ்ந்தன என்கிறார். அவற்றுடன் கடலுக்குள் அமிழ்ந்த பிற பகுதிகளில்,
’குமரி கொல்லம் முதலிய பன்மலை நாடும், காடும், நதியும், பதியும்,
தட நீர்க் குமரி வட பெருங்கோட்டின்காறும் கடல் கொண்டு அழிதலால்’ என்கிறார்.
குமரி கொல்லம் முதலிய பன் மலை நாடு என்று சொல்லவே, மலய பர்வதத்தை ஒட்டி அமைந்துள்ள இன்றைய கொல்லம் என்னும் கேரளப் பகுதி பாண்டியன் வசம் அந்நாளில் இருந்திருக்கிறது என்று தெரிகிறது. அந்த இடத்தில் குமரியின் வட பெருங்கோடு இருந்தது என்றும் இதன் மூலம் தெரிகிறது”.
கோடு என்றால் மலைச் சிகரம் என்றும் பொருள். நீர்க்கரை என்றும் ஒரு பொருள் உண்டு. இங்கு குமரி ஆற்றைச் சொலல்வில்லை. ஏனெனில் இதே விளக்க உரையில், முதலிலேயே பஹ்ருளி ஆற்றையும், குமரி ஆற்றையும் சொல்லி அதற்க்கிடையே உள்ள தூரத்தையும் அடியார்க்கு நல்லார் சொல்லி விட்டார். எனவே இங்கு குமரிக் கோடு என்றதும், வட பெருங்கோடு என்றதும்,
குமரி மலைத் தொடரின் வடக்கில் உள்ள மலைச் சிகரமான குமரி என்னும் சிகரம் என்றாகிறது. அது கொல்லத்தை ஒட்டி அமைந்திருக்கிறது. இவை எல்லாம் உண்மையே என்பதை இந்தியப் பெருங்கடலின் அடிவாரத்தைக் காட்டும் படங்களில் காணலாம்.”
So the Tamil Kingdoms referred to included Lemuria and the present Tamil Nadu formed only a Part.
Most interesting fact is that the Sanatana Dharma flourished there and I willl be posting archeological evidence.
I have recently published an article about the Tamil Culture was a part of Sanatana Dharma and that the Tamils did not have an independent Culture of their own.
Even at the time of writing I knew that the article would draw a lot of flak from Tamil Arvalars, literal translation of this is-one who is passionate in Tamil-,it is a different matter that they can not even pronounce the Tamil Zha, La and la properly.
True to form I have received a communication that my information about Sanatana Dharma and Tamil is wrong and some research paper links were attached with the communication.
The Tamil Land was divided, it is unique among all the civilizations, into five geographical entities.
To the best of my knowledge these descriptions denote the group of people living in the specific geographical areas and there seems to be no caste implications about this.
But as I mentioned in my earlier article there is mention of Anthanar, Marayor(Brahmins) in Puranaanuru, the ancient Tamil Work.
Also there is mention of the six duties of Brahmins as well.
Therefore it is evident that while these geographical divisions allotted names ad profession to people in those areas, the Caste system as practiced in the Sanatana Dharma was present.
”
Culturally, the megalithic people of the South shared many beliefs and practices with megalithic builders elsewhere in the subcontinent and beyond. Yet certain practices and artefacts were at least compatible with the Vedic world and may well have prepared for a ready acceptance of Vedic concepts�a natural assimilative process still observable in what has been called the �Hinduization� of tribals. Thus several cists surrounded by stone-circles have four vertical slabs arranged in the shape of a swastika.[14] The famous 3.5 metre-high figure of Mottur (in North Arcot district), carved out of a granite slab, is �perhaps the first anthropomorphic representation of a god in stone in Tamil Nadu.�[15] Some megalithic burials have yielded iron or bronze objects such as mother goddess, horned masks, the trishul etc. As the archaeologist I.�K. Sarma observes, such objects are
intimately connected with the worship of brahmanical Gods of the historical period, such as Siva, Kartikeya and later Amba. The diadems of Adichanallur burials are like the mouth-pieces used by the devotees of Murugan.[16]
The archaeologist K.�V. Raman also notes�:
Some form of Mother-Goddess worship was prevalent in the Megalithic period … as suggested by the discovery of a small copper image of a Goddess in the urn-burials of Adichchanallur. More recently, in Megalithic burials the headstone, shaped like the seated Mother, has been located at two places in Tamil Nadu.[17]
Megalithic culture attached great importance to the cult of the dead and ancestors, which parallels that in Vedic culture. It is also likely that certain gods later absorbed into the Hindu pantheon, such as Aiyanar (or Sastha), Murugan (the later Kartik), Korravai (Durga), Naga deities, etc., were originally tribal gods of that period. Though probably of later date, certain megalithic sites in the Nilgiris were actually dolmen shrines, some of them holding Ganesh-like images, others lingams.[ 18] Megalithic practices evocative of later Hinduism are thus summarized by the British archaeologists Bridget and Raymond Allchin�:
The orientation of port-holes and entrances on the cist graves is frequently towards the south. … This demands comparison with later Indian tradition where south is the quarter of Yama. Among the grave goods, iron is almost universal, and the occasional iron spears and tridents (trisulas) suggest an association with the god Siva. The discovery in one grave of a trident with a wrought-iron buffalo fixed to the shaft is likewise suggestive, for the buffalo is also associated with Yama, and the buffalo demon was slain by the goddess Durga, consort ofSiva, with a trident. … The picture which we obtain from this evidence, slight as it is, is suggestive of some form of worship of Siva.[ 19]
About the third century BC, cities and towns appear owing to yet little understood factors�; exchanges with the Mauryan and Roman empires seem to have played an important catalytic role, as also the advent of iron. From the very beginning, Buddhist, Jain and Hindu[*] streaks are all clear.
Among the earliest evidences, a stratigraphic dig by I.�K. Sarma within the garbagriha of the Parasuramesvara temple at Gudimallam,[*] brought to light the foundation of a remarkable Shivalingam of the Mauryan period (possibly third century BC)�: it was fixed within two circular pithas at the centre of asquare vastu-mandala. �The deity on the frontal face of the tall linga reveals himself as a proto-puranic Agni-Rudra�[20] standing on a kneeling devayana. If this early date, which Sarma established on stratigraphic grounds and from pottery sherds, is correct, this fearsome image could well be the earliest such representation in the South.
Then we find �terracotta figures like Mother Goddess, Naga-linga etc., from Tirukkampuliyur�; a seated Ganesa from Alagarai�; Vriskshadevata and Mother Goddess from Kaveripakkam and Kanchipuram, in almost certainly a pre-Pallava sequence.�[21] Cult of a Mother goddess is also noticed in the early levels at Uraiyur,[22] and at Kaveripattinam, Kanchipuram and Arikamedu.[ 23] Excavations at Kaveripattinam have brought to light many Buddhist artefacts, but also, though of later date, a few figurines of Yakshas, of Garuda and Ganesh.[24] Evidence of the Yaksha cult also comes from pottery inscriptions at Arikamedu.[25]”
“Division of People: After the description of the division of the land, the continuing sutras 22 to 37 vividly giver the details about the division of people according to tinai, their respective duties and avocations. For each tinai, the changed names of tinai (are applicable to the people) are two kinds based on names of clan (kulappeyar) and profession (tozhirpeyar) [22]. Tinai names for males and females are formed as Ayar (shepherd) and Vettuvar (hunters) and there are chiefs (kizhars) for them (23). Similarly, if we analyze the people of other regions, we can observe that the names of clan and profession are applied to each tinai (24). Kakkilai (one sided love) and peruntinai (unequal love) are applicable to adiyor (servants) and vinaivalar (workers) and they are dealt with (in literature accordingly) [25]. The above mentioned servants and workers and enor (others), who are in the position of commanding (or being commanded) are also in the same state (26), i.e, kakkilai and peruntinai are applicable to adiyor, vinaivalar and enor. Thus, the discussion about the seven tinais about the union of man and woman under 1 . kakkilai, 2. mullai, 3. kurunji, 4. marudham, 5. neydhal, 6. palai (aintinai) and 7. peruntinai. As kalavu (love in secret) and karpu (love in open) occur in the regions of mullaiu, kurunji, marudham and neydhal, then palai, i.e, separation is discussed about. As has been already mentioned, each tinai represents the activities of man and woman who live there. Tolkappiyar adapts and adopts the palai as an activating agent in the social processes and interactions of the ancient Tamils. Thus, it is said that education (othal), war or enemity (pagai) and tuthu (diplomacy) are the reasons for separation taking place in life (from the family, lover or wife) [27]. Of the above-mentioned categories, the separation due to education and diplomacy is applicable to uyarnthor i.e, the people at the top or eminent people (among the four categories). The commentator Ilamburanar specifically mentions that it s applicable to andanar (Brahmins) and arasar (Kings). Nachinarkkiniyar, another commentator says that velalars (agriculturists and others) are excluded (it is implied) as uyarnthor is mentioned (28). King can gor for war on his own accord or with others (resulting in separation) [29]. Here, the expression vendan specifically refers to king i.e, arasar (apart from the above mentioned three exigencies learning, war and diplomacy) separation takes place for earning wealth and establishing righteousness among the people of mullai (kurunji, marudham and neydal), so that rituals are conducted to people of other than that of eminence, greatness and exaltation (30). The people, thus who earn money or wealth may be called vanigar (business men). Ilamburanar says that the people other than that of eminence are nothing but devar (= gods), for them pujas and festivals are conducted. The expression padimai may refer to idol of such devar. Thus, the separation for the above exigency (i.e, to establish procedure relating to gods) is applicable to all four categories (31). Iamburanar specifically mentions that the four categories are the four varnas. Here, Nachinarkkiniyar explaind succinctly the difference between enor (others) and nalver (four group of people). As it is mentioned thast nalvarkkum uritte (applicable to four kinds of people), it is evident that besides vanigar as mentioned above, two categories or vellalars are also included. The duties of king can be performed by pinnor (i.e, vanigar and vellalar), who follow him in the order). The duties of king includes guarding, protection and preservation. As the expression Mannar pinnor denotes plural, it includes other kings, agriculturists (Velalar) and the like (32). For the higher group of the above mentioned authorized two (i.ew, vanigar and vellalar), a separation can take place for the purpose of learning / education (33). The above mentioned authorized two groups can perform dutioes for kings are vanigar and velalar of which the higher group is Vanigar. Therefore, it is evident that vanigar can also go for studying (othu). Arasar has already been permitted under sutra 28. therefore, for andanar, arasar and vanigar separation can take place for learning. Nachinarkkiniyar explains that as the place of Othu (learning) takes place after the appearance of Vedas, it is mentioned vothinan (othu refers to Vedas).
3.1. The duties of Vendar (king) can be performed by those other than king also, where admissible (34). The duty of king is mentioned as diplomacy by the commentator instead of popular meaning ruling / governance. Thus, it is implied that the act of diplomacy is applicable to Vanigar and Vellalar in other words, applicable to all fou categories. Some say enor (others) denotes chieftains. The act of separation is a privilege for them (i.e, vanigar and Vellalar) in connection with wealth (i.e, to earn wealth by trade and commerce) [35]. If uyarnthor have separation for easrning wealth, then that amounts to going away from good conduct or moral values (36). Though specifically the word Andanar or any other expression is not used to denote Brahmins, from the forgoing sutras and their implied conditions and restrictions imposed on the repeatedly mentioned four groups of people read with the commentaries of Ilamburanar, Perasiriyar and Nachinarkkiniyar, it is evident that Uyarnthor here must refer to Andanar i.e, the higher group of the people of society. As has been authorized here among the two causes for separation, i.e, separation by leg (kalir pirivu) and separation by ship (kalattir pirivu) the separation due to ship is not allowed along with the lover or wife (37). Munnir vazhakkam is going by waters of rivers, spring and ocean respectively for education, diplomacy and business or trade. This implies that not only women are prohibited for undertalking voyage, but also Andanar as they are also not supposed to yearn for money or wealth.
4. Four Divisions of Society: Under the sutra 74 of Tolkappiyam, four divisons of society is mentioned by way of describing their duties. The duties of Parppanar have been divided into six; that of Arasar into five; that of Enor into six; the region of learned who discharges their duties according to established times of past, future and present. For ascetics there are eight duties; for porunar, the duties are connected with warfare; and other duties connected with the above are meant for others; thus the vagaitinai is divided into seven categories by the poets, they say so. The previous verse / sutra 73 clearly says that vagai is just like puram of palai i.e, subject dealing with the aspects of life other than love of the exigencies created during separation for performing their respective duties. Accordingly, one has to improve their avocation and skill with great distinction withot hindrance to others. Therefore each can excel in his / her field / profession / avocation according to their skill, ability and talent. This four divisions and the respective duties mentioned described are exactly in accordance with the laws of Manu. Though Tolkappyar has not mentioned the nature of duties, as the numbers of duties have been specifically mentioned, they can be understood by the contemporary ancient Tamil literature, popularly known as Sangam literature.
You must be logged in to post a comment.