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Tag: Samaveda

  • 108 Upanishads Complete List

    Upanishad means “sitting near by’

    This is the part of The Vedas, the unwritten Scripture of the Hindus, over 5000(Five Thousand) years old and transmitted by oral tradition, that contains the enquiry into the Nature of the World where were We, where we are and Where do We Go from Here’

    It is a Philosophical treatise that has to be practiced.

    Upanishads of Hinduism.
    The 108 Upanishads List. image credit. http://www.sohamyogastudio.org/images/veda2.png

    Click on the image to enlarge.

    Please read my posts on Vedas filed under Hinduism/Indian Philosophy for more details.

    Thee Upanishads are called  the end of all The Veda, Vedanta.

    They are 108.

    • 10 upaniṣads are associated with the Rigveda and have the shānti beginning vaṇme-manasi.
    • 16 upaniṣads are associated with the Samaveda and have the shānti beginning āpyāyantu.
    • 19 upaniṣads are associated with the Shukla Yajurveda and have the shānti beginning pūrṇamada.
    • 32 upaniṣads are associated with the Krishna Yajurveda and have the shānti beginning sahanāvavatu.
    • 31 upaniṣads are associated with the Atharvaveda and have the shānti beginning bhadram-karṇebhiḥ.

    “26-29. But by what means is the Kaivalya kind of Moksha got ? The Mandukya is enough; if knowledge is not got from it, then study the Ten Upanishads. Getting knowledge very soon, you will reach my abode. If certainty is not got even then, study the 32 Upanishads and stop. If desiring Moksha without the body, read the 108 Upanishads. Hear their order-

    –Muktika Upanishad
    Translated by Dr. A. G. Krishna Warrier
    Published by The Theosophical Publishing House, Chennai

    Citation.

    Mukthika Upanishad

    The List of 108 Upanishads.

    1. Isha Upanishad [1]
    2. Kena Upanishad [2]
    3. Katha Upanishad [3]
    4. Prashna Upanishad [4]
    5. Mundaka Upanishad [5]
    6. Mandukya Upanishad [6]
    7. Taittiriya Upanishad [7]
    8. Aitareya Upanishad [8]
    9. Chandogya Upanishad [9]
    10. Brihadaranyaka Upanishad [10]
    11. Brahmopanishad [11]
    12. Kaivalyopanishad [12]
    13. Jabalopanishad [13]
    14. Shvetashvatara Upanishad [14]
    15. Hamsopanishad
    16. Aruneyopanishad
    17. Garbhopanishad
    18. Narayanopanishad
    19. Paramahamsopanishad
    20. Amritabindu Upanishad
    21. Nada-bindupanishad
    22. Siropanishad
    23. Atharva-sikhopanishad
    24. Maitrayaniya Upanishad
    25. Kaushitaki Upanishad
    26. Brihaj-jabalopanishad
    27. Nrisimha-tapaniyopanishad
    28. Kalagni-rudropanishad
    29. Maitreyy-upanishad
    30. Subalopanishad
    31. Kshurikopanishad
    32. Mantrikopanishad
    33. Sarva-saropanishad
    34. Niralambopanishad
    35. Suka-rahasyopanishad
    36. Vajra-sucikopanishad
    37. Tejobindu Upanishad
    38. Nada-bindupanishad
    39. Dhyana-bindupanishad
    40. Brahma-vidyopanishad
    41. Yoga-tattvopanishad
    42. Atma-bodhopanishad
    43. Narada-parivrajakopanishad
    44. Trisikhy-upanishad
    45. Sitopanishad
    46. Yoga-cudamany-upanishad
    47. Nirvanopanishad
    48. Mandala-brahmanopanishad
    49. Dakshina-murty-upanishad
    50. Sarabhopanishad
    51. Skandopanishad
    52. Mahanarayanopanishad
    53. Advaya-tarakopanishad
    54. Rama-rahasyopanishad
    55. Rama-tapany-upanishad
    56. Vasudevopanishad
    57. Mudgalopanishad
    58. Sandilyopanishad
    59. Paingalopanishad
    60. Bhikshupanishad
    61. Mahad-upanishad
    62. Sarirakopanishad
    63. Yoga-sikhopanishad
    64. Turiyatitopanishad
    65. Sannyasopanishad
    66. Paramahamsa-parivrajakopanishad
    67. Malikopanishad
    68. Avyaktopanishad
    69. Ekaksharopanishad
    70. Purnopanishad
    71. Suryopanishad
    72. Akshy-upanishad
    73. Adhyatmopanishad
    74. Kundikopanishad
    75. Savitry-upanishad
    76. Atmopanishad
    77. Pasupatopanishad
    78. Param-brahmopanishad
    79. Avadhutopanishad
    80. Tripuratapanopanishad
    81. Devy-upanishad
    82. Tripuropanishad
    83. Katha-rudropanishad
    84. Bhavanopanishad
    85. Hridayopanishad
    86. Yoga-kundaliny-upanishad
    87. Bhasmopanishad
    88. Rudrakshopanishad
    89. Ganopanishad
    90. Darsanopanishad
    91. Tara-saropanishad
    92. Maha-vakyopanishad
    93. Panca-brahmopanishad
    94. Pranagni-hotropanishad
    95. Gopala-tapany-upanishad
    96. Krishnopanishad
    97. Yajnavalkyopanishad
    98. Varahopanishad
    99. Satyayany-upanishad
    100. Hayagrivopanishad
    101. Dattatreyopanishad
    102. Garudopanishad
    103. Kaly-upanishad
    104. Jabaly-upanishad
    105. Saubhagyopanishad
    106. Sarasvati-rahasyopanishad
    107. Bahvricopanishad
    108. Muktikopanishad
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  • Environment Definition Study In The Vedas Hinduism

    Vedas, the unwritten Scripture of The Hindus, do not stop with dealing the theory of God ,Reality.

     

    Though it calls the day-to-day knowledge as transient and not enough to elevate the Human beings, it does not ridicule the Sciences or the practical Life.

     

    Shanti mantra
    Environment and Vedas Shanthi Mantra

     

    “Unto the Heaven be Peace, Unto the Sky and the Earth be Peace,
    Peace be unto the Water, Unto the Herbs and Trees be Peace,
    Unto all the Gods be Peace, Unto Brahma and unto All be Peace.
    And may We realize that Peace.
    Om Peace Peace Peace”

    It deals with Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry,Astronomy,Astrophysics,Metallurgy,Nano Technology,Biology,Molecular Biology and the like, it deals

    with Environment studies as a Science.

     

    The Vedas use the term ‘Paryavarana’ to indicate the Environment.

     

    The Atharva Veda uses the terms ‘Vritavrita, Abhivarah,Avritah,Parivrita’

    The Atharva Veda describes /defines Environment thus. ‘Chandamsi’

     

    ‘Wise utilize three elements variously which are varied, visible and
    full of qualities. These are water, air and plants or herbs. They exist in
    the world from the very beginning. They are called as Chandansi
    meaning ‘coverings available everywhere.’

     

    The Environment listed as Five Essentials are,

     

    Earth,Water,Fire,Air and Ether,

     

    These are further classified and based on their qualities and functions.

     

    There are five senses of perception – hearing, touch, sight, taste and smell, and there are the five tanmatras corresponding to the five sense perceptions and five sense-organs.

     

    The tanmatras combine and re-combine in different ways to produce the gross elements – earth, water, fire, air and ether, which make up the gross universe perceived by the senses

    .

    The senses play their part by coming into contact with the objects, and carry impressions of them to the manas which receives and arranges them into a precept.

     

    The Elements in The Universe are the same as our Body.

     

    They are related to the Universe and are comprehended by these Tanmatras through the sense organs, with the Five Elements of Nature .

     

     

    Nature is maintaining a status of balance between and among these constituents or elements and living creatures as well as these Elements.

     

    Any slight disturbance will result in upsetting Nature,

     

    This natural order of things, is called ‘Rta’, meaning “Natural order of things,Rhythm’.

     

    The Taittriya declares in the Shanthi Mantra, which is to be recited at the conclusion of every worship.

     

    Sathyam Vathishyami, Rtam Vatishyaami,

     

    I follow the Truth,

    I follow the Rta, the Natural order of Things.

     

    Thachcham yors vrunee mahe,

     

    Gyaathum yagyaayaa…

     

    May the four legged animals be Happy,

     

    May the two legged (Man)  be Happy!

     

    May water each the roots of the Trees’\

     

    In these hymns we find
    prayers for certain natural elements such as air, water, earth,
    sun, rain, dawn etc. The glorious brightness of the sun, the blaze
    of the sacrificial fire, the sweep of the rain-storm across the skies,
    the recurrence of the dawn, the steady currents of the winds, the
    violence of the tropical storm and other such natural energies,
    fundamental activities or aspects are glorified and personified
    as divinities (Devata). The interaction with nature resulted in
    appreciation and prayer but, indeed, after a good deal of
    observation. Attributes assigned to deities fit in their natural forms
    and activities, as Soma is green, fire is bright, air is fast moving
    and sun is dispenser of darkness. The characteristics of these
    forces described in the verses prove that Vedic seers were masters
    of natural science.
    In Vedic view, this world consists of Agni i.e., fire or heat and
    Soma i.e. water.
    12 Sun (Surya) is the soul of all which is moving
    and also of which is not moving.13 Indra is most powerful god
    who kills Vritra, the symbol of cloud to free waters. Vritra means
    one who covers and is derived from the root vri, to cover. R.R.M.
    Roy opines that the main force of expansion in the Vedic
    cosmology is Indra, and his chief adversary, the main force of
    contraction, is Vritra.
    14 Maruts are Indra’s associates. Vedic seers
    pray boldly to these natural forces and aspects for bestowing
    plenty and prosperity on them. Aditi is praised as Devamata,
    the mother of all natural energies and she symbolizes the Nature.
    A famous geologist S.R.N. Murthy has written on the earth
    sciences in the Vedas. He has somehow a different opinion about
    Vedic gods and hence states, ‘the natural geological aspects have
    been described as Indra, Agni, Vayu, Varun, Usas etc.”

     

    The primary Deity in the Vedas in Agni and it is classified into Thirteen divisions/types.

    Agni is innumerable because of its presence in each and every dhatu paramanu (cell) of the body. But, enumeration of the number of Agnis varies in various classical Ayurvedic texts, as shown below

     

    • Charaka has mentioned about 13 Agnis. Jatharagni – 1, Bhutagni – 5, Dhatvagni – 7 (Ch.Chi.15/38).[13]
    • According to Acharya Sushruta, five types of Agnis are illustrated, viz. Pachakagni, Ranjakagni, Alochakagni, Sadhakagni and Bhrajakagni. However, there is an indirect reference of fiveBhutagnis underlying in the brief description made to the transformation of food stuff. (Sh.Su.21/10.)[14]
    • Vagbhata has described different types Agni, viz. – Bhutagnis – 5,– Dhatvagnis – 7, –Dhoshagni – 3 and– Malagni – 3.
    • Sharangadhara has recognized five pittas only (Pachak, Bhrajak, Ranjak, Alochaka andSadhak) (Sha.Sa.Pu.Kh.-5/32).[15]
    • Bhavamishra has followed Acharya Charaka and Vagbhata (Bh.Pu.Kh.-3/169,180).[16]

     

    Agni has been divided into 13 types according to the function and site of action. These are:

     

    1. Jatharagni – one Agni present in the stomach and duodenum.
    2. Bhutagni – five Agni from five basic elements.
    3. Dhatwagni – seven Agni present, one in each of the seven dhatus.

    Water.

     

    Five Types.

    1.Rain Water.(Divyah)

     

    2.Natural Spring(Sravanti)

     

    3.Wells and Canals(Kantirmah)

     

    4.Lakes (Svayamja)

     

    5.Rivers (Samudraja)

     

    The information is in abundance.

     

    Please read my post ‘The Place of Water in Hinduism’

     

    Citations and some Links for further study.

     

    Environment in the Vedas

     

    Agni ,Fire in Vedas

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  • Three Levels Of Speech Gayathri Savitri Sarasvati

     

    There is a debate on the difference between the Gayatri and Savitri Mantras.

     

    The Gayatri, the Supreme Mantra of the Vedas is to be intoned, not to be learnt by writing.

     

    “Gayathethi Gayathri, Gayathri is ‘That which is intoned.

     

    “Among the Mantras I am The Gayatri’ Bhagavad Gita.

     

    There is no hymn superior than Gayatri Mantra, ‘na gaayatriyaah paramam japam’ .

     

    Now in the Gayatri Mantra we have the mention of Gayatri,Savitri and Sarasvati.

     

    “In invoking Gayatri and praying to be present, we say,

     

    Gayathrrem Aavaahayami,

     

    Savitreem Aavahayaami,

     

    Sarasvatheem Aavahayaami’

     

    Why?

     

     

    Gayatri .Image Credit ,http://www.exoticindiaart.com/audiovideo/
    Gayatri Matha

    There are three levels of Speech.

     

    First when we think.

     

    If one analyses , when one thinks, he/she would find an echo in the mind, some times quite loud, this is especially so in the case of those who perform Japa, and Devi Upasana.

     

    This applies to our day-to-day thoughts as well.

     

    The implication is that the Universal Sabda, Sound, is being brought forth into individual level and the

    One who makes it possible is Gayatri.

     

    This is level One.

     

    The next is as soon as the thoughts are formed,it sits as it were, in the spot just beneath the tongue.

     

    The words are not formed at the physical level and they lie dormant.

     

    We have heard and we also know at times on seeing or while coming into contact with something which we think is new, we say,

     

    ‘I Know,it is at the tip of my tongue, it will come’

     

    This is the place of Savitri” the unformed words, with the potential to become words.

     

    This the level where the Speech Impaired people’s impediment lies.

     

    Savitri does not synchronize with Sarasvati.

     

    The third and final level is that of Sarasvati.

     

    This is where the thoughts get transformed into words.

     

    Sarasvati ,in synchronization with Gayatri through Savitri expresses in the form of words.

     

    ‘Srimad Vaakbhavakooda Swarooopini’ the confluence Words and its Happening.Lalitha Sahasranaama.

     

    These are the three levels of Speech.

     

    One should always remember the Gayatri is  a Chandas,Meters primarily and there are many Mantras in this

    Meter.

     

    Chandas.

     

    Gayathri Mantra is both Mantra and Chandas.

     

    This Mantra has other significance in terms of Mantra and Tantra Shastra and I hope to write on it.

     

    Related information.

     

    Each of three is called sthula (material) form. Three separate forms are grouped as Vyasti. There is also a combined form and that is called Samasti.

    (Vishvamitra is the Seer for Gayatri hymn. He is the same Sage to impart ‘bala atibala’ hymns to Lord Rama and Lakshmana.This ‘bala atibala’ mantra is also called as Savitri Mantra and this is available in Savitri Upanishad, Verse 4.This hymn is yet another aspect of Gayatri,)

    There is no hymn superior than Gayatri Mantra, ‘na gaayatriyaah paramam japam’

    Gayatri Forms:

    1) Morning Gayatri Dhyanam:

    ‘balarkaruna shona patala mukaih yuktam kumarim giram
    Pratarlokita vigraham bhuvigatam saukatmikam rajaseem
    vibhranamabhayam kamandalumathambhojaksha malam sruvam
    kayatrim hrudi hamsanam bhavakarim sri brahmarupam bhaje’

    Morning time Gayatri dwells in Surya mandalam. She is having red colour. She is young and having rajoguna. Her vahana is swan and having Brahma amsam. She represents Rig Veda. She is having (in Three hands) kamandalu, lotus and japamala. The fourth hand shows abhaya mudra. She is called Gayatri. (She has four heads).

    Alternate Dhyanam:

    ‘pratar dhyayami gayatrim, ravimandala-madhyagam
    rg-vedam uccarayantim raktavarnam kumarikam
    akshamalakaram brahmadevatyam hamsavahanam’

    2) Noon Savitri Dhyanam:

    ‘mukta pandura hemadhusara sitasyam trishanam vyomagam
    madhyanhe sitavikraham suyuvatim satyatmikam tamaseem
    khatvankgapaya sulakani dadhateem rudraksha malaamumam
    savitrim vrushavahanam kshapakarim sri rudrarupam bhaje’

    Midday she dwells in Surya mandalam having white colour and tamoguna. She is having (in three hands) Trident. Cot-leg, rudraksha mala and the fourth hand is in abhaya mudra. She is a middle aged and her vahana is bull. Also she is having three eyes (on all the Five heads).She represents Yajur Veda and takes the Rudra rupini (Rudra amsam). She is called as Savitri in noon.

    Alternate Dhyanam:

    ‘madhyandine tu savitrim ravimandalamadhyagam
    yajur-vedam vyaharantim svetam sulakaram sivam
    yuvatim rudradevatyam dhyayami vrshavahanam’

    3) Evening Saraswati Dhyanam:

    ‘nilendevara mesakaika vadanam vrudhdasvarupam ramam
    sayam shyamala vigraham dwigataam gnanatmikamsatvikim
    sankam chakramathabhayancha tulasi malam karair bhiratim
    tarkshyathmja saraswathim sthitikarim sri Vishnu rupaam bhaje’

    Evening she is called Saraswati and dwells in Surya Mandalam. She has black colour and old aged. Her vahana is Garuda. She is having (in three hands) chakra, conch and Tulsi mala and the fourth hand is in abhaya mudra. Sha has gnana swarupam and is having satvaguna. She represents Sama Veda. She takes Vishnu amsam. (She has single head only)

    Alternate Dhyanam:

    ‘sayam sarasvatim syamam ravimandalamdhyagam
    sama-vedam vyaharantim cakrayudhadharam subham
    dhyayami vishnudevatyam vrddham garudavahanam’

    4) Samasti Rupa Gayatri Dhyanam:

    The following Dhyana sloka is recited in all the three times by many.

    ‘Muktavidruma hema nila dhavala chhayirmukhayir streekshanayir
    yuktamindu nibaddha ratna makutam tatvartha varnatmikam
    Gayatrrem varadabhayam kuskasassubhramka palam gadam
    sankham chakra dharavinda ugalam hastyirvahanteem bhaje’

    Meditate on the Goddess Gaaytri with five heads, sitting in a pond on a red lotus flower. She wears a red sari and is beautiful. Her heads are pearl, coral, gold, blue, and white in color. Gaayatrii has three eyes and wears the cresant moon upon Her head. She has ten arms. She makes the mudra dispelling fear (abhaya mudra), and the mudra granting gifts (varada mudra), She holds a mace, a chakra, a conch, an ankusam, pasam, kapalam and two lotuses .

    Devi Gayatri’s five faces are white like pearl; one is red like coral, second is yellow like gold, third is blue like neelam, fourth white like milk, and the fifth is of ‘trinetra’ or three eyed. We meditate Her gem studded headgear with half- moon like jewel on Her Head,

    5) Reference, Book, Personal Collection:

    Sri Santhya Vandanam, Srivatsa Somadeva Sarma, Vaideega Dharma Vardani Publication, Chennai, Year 1952, Pages 9 to 13, Total Pages 116+20.

    6) Edited:

    There are different gayatri metre based mantras for different gods.

    ( http://www.stephen-knapp.com/gayatri_and… )

    The Gayatri Mantra appears in Rigveda 3.62.10 (Yajurveda Mantra 22.9, 30.2 & 36.3, Samaveda Mantra 1462). To distinguish this from others, this is ALSO called as Savitri Mantra as this contain the word Savitr.”

     

    Citation:

    https://in.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20110819223118AAv65jn

     

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  • Veda Sutras Vedangas Details

    This post is in continuation of the Post Veda essential Details.

    Each Veda has Srautha Sutras.

    Veda Sutra
    Layayana Sutra Sama Veda

    Srautha Sutras explain the Rules for Conducting the Yagas and Yangnas.

    Yagas are condcuted with a specific purpose while Yagna is performed because it is a Duty.

    Puthra KameshtiYaga for example is a Yaga while Brahma Yagnam isa Yagna; the former is performed for begetting  Children, the later is performed because it is a Duty.

    Rig Veda has Sanakayana, Aswalaayana Sutras.

    Shukla Yajur Veda has Kathyaayana Sutra,

    Aapasthamba,Bodhayana,Hiranya Keseeya,Bharatwaja, Manava,Vaikanasa belong to Krishna Yajur.

    Sama Veda has Dhraahyaayana,Laatyaayana,Machaka Sutras.

    Kathyayana and Vaidhaana belong to Atharva Veda.

    (Kathyaayana seems to be common for Atharva and Shukla Yajur- will some one clarify?)

    These are Gruhya Sutras,

    Vedas also have Dharma/Gruhya Sutras which advise the House holder on Righteousness or Dharma for Gruhastha.

    Gautama, Vasishta,Hiranyakeseeya and Vaikaanasa are some of these Sutras.

    The Vedas stress the importance of Dwani, tone and pronunciation.

    Details of this is provided in the Prathisaakyas.

    Each Veda has Anugrahamani on this subject.

    To  explain the meaning of the Vedas there is a special Group called Niruktham.

    There are six sub texts of the Vedas called Vedangas.

    They are Siksha,Vyakarana,Chandas,NirukthamJyothisham and kalpa.

    Please read my post filed under Hinduism, Vedas.

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  • Vedas Essential Details

    I am providing some essential information on the Vedas, The Sacred Text of the Hindus.

    Vedas are transmitted by word of mouth and it is ordained that The Vedas must be learned by “Listening’

    Though Five thousand years have passed , the intonation across the length and breadth of India or wherever the Vedas are recited, there is no difference  in the Text or intonation.

    If there is a variation, as it does in some texts, recitation, it has been grouped and one who knows the Vedas  follows only what is ordained for him .

    The Veds, Hindu Scripture
    The Vedas

    The Vedas are four in Number.

    Rig, Yajur, Sama and Atharva.

    Yajur has Sukla Yajur and Krishna Yajur.

    The Vedas were compiled, not composed by Ved Vyas.

    The term Vyas means ‘Compiler’.

    He gave it to his four disciples,

    Rig Veda to Pailar,

    Yajur Veda to Vysampayana,

    Sama to Jaimini and

    Atharva to Sumanthu.

    ( Sage Yagnavalkya compiled the Sukla Yajur after having learnt it directly from Surya , the Sun God, for more on this read my post Sukla Yajur)

    The disciples of these four transmitted the Vedas through their disciples and this practice continues even to-day.

    There are 1181 Sakais(Divisons)

    Rig Veda has 21,

    Yajur 101,

    Sama 1000 and

    Atharva 9

    * 50 Saakais are not accounted for here.There is another information which differs as to the number, see the Link.

    Out of this only Nine are available and are being practiced now.

    They are,

    Saakala Saakai-Rig veda,1

    Sukla Yajur, Kaanvam and Madhyandhinam-2

    Krishna Yajur Taittriyam and Maitrayaneeyam-2

    Sama Veda, Gauthama,Raanayaneeyam,Jaimini 3,

    Atharva Veda Saunakam and Paippalaatham 2

    Sayanachariar had written the Commentary, Bhashyam for all the Vedas.

    Rig Veda belongs to Hotha Gana,

    Yajur Athvaryu,

    Sama Veda Uthkaathru,

    Atharva, Santhika and Paushtika and in Yagas relate to Brahma.

    Each Veda has,

    Samhitas, Hymns addressed to Devatas and Mantras,

    Brahmanas,explain the duties relating to daily ife and performance of Yagas and Yagnas,

    Aranyakas, continuation of  the Brahmanas and

    Upanishads deal with the knowlege of Reality, Brahman

    Rig Veda Brahmanas- Aithreyam,Kausheetaki:; Aithearanyakam and Aithreyopanishad, Kaushakyaaranyakam and Kayshathheylupanishad,

    Yajur Veda.

    Taittriya Brahmana,Taittriya Aranyaka,Taittriya,Svetasvara, Katha, and Maithryani  Upanishads.-Krishna Yajur.

    Sathapatha Brahmana , Bruhatharanyaka and Isavasya Upanishads-Sukla Yajur.

    Sama Veda, Aranyakeya Ganam,Chandokya UpanishadSama Vidhan Brahmanam,Devathaathyaya Vamsam.samhithoupanishad Brahmanam,Thalavakaara/Jaimini Brahmanam,Panchavimsa Brahmanam,Arshveya Brahmanm

    Atharva veda,

    Gopatha Brahmanam,Prasna, Mundaka,Mandukya,Jaabala,Nadhabindu,Kaivaya andNrusimhathaapini Upanishads.

    More to follow on Veda Sutras.

    Slightly different information at,

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedas

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