Tag: Ramayana

  • Read Straight Rama Story Reverse Palindrome Ramakrishna Vilomakavyam

    Sanskrit is language, when handled by experts can do anything including conveying two stories separated by thousands of years, with totally different content.

    An example of this adaptability of Sanskrit can be seen in Magha’s Sisupala Vadha, where the verses form a Wheel!

    The Link to this Post is given at the close of this Post.

    There are Sanskrit slokas which convey both the Stories of Rama and Krishna in a Single verse, in A Palindrome Format.

    You read straight, you get Ramayana.

    Read it in the reverse order, Krishna’s Life Story.

    I am providing below the  Raghava  Yadaviyam by Venkathdhvari( 17 Century)

    Krishna and Rama.jpg
    Krishna and Rama.

    This poetic composition, which was written by the scholar Dyvagyna Surya
    Pandita in the 14th Century, is a marvelous example of palindromic verses.
    It also has another speciality – This set of poems, when read forward
    relate to Rama and the Ramayana, and when read in reverse relate to Krishna
    and the Mahabharata.(Forward) तं भूसुतामुक्तिमुदारहासं वन्दे यतो भव्यभवम् दयाश्रीः ।”I pay my homage to Him who rescued Sita, whose laughter is captivating,
    whose incarnation is
    grand, and from whom mercy and splendor arise everywhere.”(Backward) श्रीयादवं भव्यभतोयदेवं संहारदामुक्तिमुतासुभूतम् ॥

    “I bow before that Sri Krishna, the descendent of Yaadava family; who is a
    divinity of the sun as
    well as the moon; who destroyed Putana who only gave destruction; and who
    is the soul of all
    this universe.”..

    ( There are verses in Plaindrome format in other Indian Languages.

    I shall Post one from Tamil.Readers may contribute from their Languages)

    तं भूसुतामुक्तिमुदारहासं
    वन्दे यतो भव्यभवं दयाश्रीः ।
    श्रीयादवं भव्यभतोयदेवं
    संहारदामुक्तिमुतासुभूतम् ॥ १॥
    
    चिरं विरञ्चिर्न चिरं विरञ्चिः
    साकारता सत्यसतारका सा ।
    साकारता सत्यसतारका सा
    चिरं विरञ्चिर्न चिरं विरञ्चिः ॥ २॥
    
    तामसीत्यसति सत्यसीमता
    माययाक्षमसमक्षयायमा ।
    माययाक्षसमक्षयायमा
    तामसीत्यसति सत्यसीमता ॥ ३॥
    
    का तापघ्नी तारकाद्या विपापा
    त्रेधा विद्या नोष्णकृत्यं निवासे ।
    सेवा नित्यं कृष्णनोद्या विधात्रे
    पापाविद्याकारताघ्नी पताका ॥ ४॥
    
    श्रीरामतो मध्यमतोदि येन
    धीरोऽनिशं वश्यवतीवराद्वा
    द्वारावतीवश्यवशं निरोधी
    नयेदितो मध्यमतोऽमरा श्रीः ॥ ५॥
    
    कौशिके त्रितपसि क्षरव्रती
    योऽददाद्ऽद्वितनयस्वमातुरम् ।
    रन्तुमास्वयन तद्विदादयोऽ
    तीव्ररक्षसि पतत्रिकेशिकौ ॥ ६॥
    
    लम्बाधरोरु त्रयलम्बनासे
    त्वं याहि याहि क्षरमागताज्ञा ।
    ज्ञातागमा रक्ष हि याहि या त्वं
    सेना बलं यत्र रुरोध बालम् ॥ ७॥
    
    लङ्कायना नित्यगमा धवाशा
    साकं तयानुन्नयमानुकारा ।
    राकानुमा यन्ननु यातकंसा
    शावाधमागत्य निनाय कालम् ॥ ८॥
    
    गाधिजाध्वरवैरा ये
    तेऽतीता रक्षसा मताः ।
    तामसाक्षरतातीते
    ये रावैरध्वजाधिगाः ॥ ९॥
    
    तावदेव दया देवे
    यागे यावदवासना ।
    नासवादवया गेया
    वेदे यादवदेवता ॥ १०॥
    
    सभास्वये भग्नमनेन चापं
    कीनाशतानद्धरुषा शिलाशैः ।
    शैलाशिषारुद्धनताशनाकी
    पञ्चानने मग्नभये स्वभासः ॥ ११॥
    
    न वेद यामक्षरभामसीतां
    का तारका विष्णुजितेऽविवादे ।
    देवाविते जिष्णुविकारता का
    तां सीमभारक्षमयादवेन ॥ १२॥
    
    तीव्रगोरन्वयत्रार्यो
    वैदेहीमनसो मतः ।
    तमसो न महीदेवै-
    र्यात्रायन्वरगोव्रती ॥ १३॥
    
    वेद या पद्मसदनं
    साधारावततार मा ।
    मारता तव राधा सा
    नन्द सद्मप यादवे ॥ १४॥
    
    शैवतो हननेऽरोधी
    यो देवेषु नृपोत्सवः ।
    वत्सपो नृषु वेदे यो
    धीरोऽनेन हतोऽवशैः ॥ १५॥
    
    नागोपगोऽसि क्षर मे पिनाकेऽ
    नायोऽजने धर्मधनेन दानम् ।
    नन्दानने धर्मधने जयो ना
    केनापि मे रक्षसि गोपगो नः ॥ १६॥
    
    ततान दाम प्रमदा पदाय
    नेमे रुचामस्वनसुन्दराक्षी ।
    क्षीरादसुं न स्वमचारु मेने
    यदाप दाम प्रमदा नतातः ॥ १७॥
    
    तामितो मत्तसूत्रामा
    शापादेष विगानताम् ।
    तां नगाविषदेऽपाशा
    मात्रासूत्तमतो मिता ॥ १८॥
    
    नासावद्यापत्रपाज्ञाविनोदी
    धीरोऽनुत्या सस्मितोऽद्याविगीत्या ।
    त्यागी विद्यातोऽस्मि सत्त्यानुरोधी
    दीनोऽविज्ञा पात्रपद्यावसाना ॥ १९॥
    
    सम्भावितं भिक्षुरगादगारं
    याताधिराप स्वनघाजवंशः ।
    शवं जघान स्वपराधिताया
    रङ्गादगारक्षुभितं विभासम् ॥ २०॥
    
    तयातितारस्वनयागतं मा
    लोकापवादद्वितयं पिनाके ।
    केनापि यं तद्विदवाप कालो
    मातङ्गयानस्वरतातियातः ॥ २१॥
    
    शवेऽविदा चित्रकुरङ्गमाला
    पञ्चावटीनर्म न रोचते वा ।
    वातेऽचरो नर्मनटीव चापं
    लामागरं कुत्रचिदाविवेश ॥ २२॥
    
    नेह वा क्षिपसि पक्षिकन्धरा
    मालिनी स्वमतमत्त दूयते ।
    ते यदूत्तमतम स्वनीलमा-
    राधकं क्षिपसि पक्षिवाहने ॥ २३॥
    
    वनान्तयानस्वणुवेदनासु
    योषामृतेऽरण्यगताविरोधी ।
    धीरोऽवितागण्यरते मृषा यो
    सुनादवेणुस्वनयातनां वः ॥ २४॥
    
    किं नु तोयरसा पम्पा
    न सेवा नियतेन वै ।
    वैनतेयनिवासेन
    पापं सारयतो नु किम् ॥ २५॥
    
    स नतातपहा तेन
    स्वं शेनाविहितागसम् ।
    सङ्गताहिविनाशे स्वं
    नेतेहाप ततान सः ॥ २६॥
    
    कपितालविभागेन
    योषादोऽनुनयेन  सः ।
    स नये ननु दोषायो
    नगे भाविलतापिकः ॥ २७॥
    
    ते सभा प्रकपिवर्णमालिका
    नाल्पकप्रसरमभ्रकल्पिता ।
    ताल्पिकभ्रमरसप्रकल्पना
    कालिमर्णव पिक प्रभासते ॥ २८॥
    
    रावणेऽक्षिपतनत्रपानते
    नाल्पकभ्रमणमक्रमातुरम् ।
    रन्तुमाक्रमणमभ्रकल्पना
    तेन पात्रनतपक्षिणे वरा ॥ २९॥
    
    दैवे योगे सेवादानं
    शङ्का नाये लङ्कायाने ।
    नेयाकालं येनाकाशं
    नन्दावासे गेयो वेदैः ॥ ३०॥
    
    शङ्कावज्ञानुत्वनुज्ञावकाशं
    याने नद्यामुग्रमुद्याननेया ।
    याने नद्यामुग्रमुद्याननेया
    शङ्कावज्ञानुत्वनुज्ञावकाशम् ॥ ३१॥
    
    वा दिदेश द्विसीतायां
    यं पाथोयनसेतवे ।
    वैतसेन यथोपायं
    यन्तासीद्ऽविशदे दिवा ॥ ३२॥
    
    वायुजोऽनुमतो नेमे
    सङ्ग्रामेऽरवितोऽह्नि वः ।
    वह्नितो विरमे ग्रासं
    मेनेऽतोऽमनुजो युवा ॥ ३३॥
    
    क्षताय मा यत्र रघोरितायु-
    रङ्कानुगानन्यवयोऽयनानि ।
    निनाय यो वन्यनगानुकारं
    युतारिघोरत्रयमायताक्षः ॥ ३४॥
    
    तारके रिपुराप श्री-
    रुचा दाससुतान्वितः ।
    तन्वितासु सदाचारु
    श्रीपुरा पुरि के रता ॥ ३५॥
    
    लङ्का रङ्काङ्गराध्यासं
    याने मेया काराव्यासे ।
    सेव्या राका यामे नेया
    सन्ध्यारागाकारं कालम् ॥ ३६॥
    
    ॥ इति श्रीदैवज्ञपण्डित सूर्यकवि विरचितं
    विलोमाक्षररामकृष्णकाव्यं समाप्तम् ॥
    
    Another One.
    
    Raghava Yadaviyam
    Raghava-yadaviyam by Venkatadhvari (17th cent.) is an “anuloma-viloma kavya” that narrates the story of Rama. But the Shlokas read in the reverse relate an adventure of Shri Krishna.
    
    

    वन्देऽहं देवं तं श्रीतं रन्तारं कालं भासा यः ।
    रामो रामाधीराप्यागो लीलामारायोध्ये वासे ॥

    “I pay my obeisance to Lord Shri Rama, who with his heart pining for Sita, travelled across the Sahyadri Hills and returned to Ayodhya after killing Ravana and sported with his consort, Sita, in Ayodhya for a long time.”

    In reverse

    सेवाध्येयो रामालाली गोप्याराधी मारामोरा ।
    यस्साभालंकारं तारं तं श्रीतं वन्देहं देवं ॥

    “I bow to Lord Shri Krishna, whose chest is the sporting resort of Shri Lakshmi;who is fit to be contemplated through penance and sacrifice, who fondles Rukmani and his other consorts and who is worshipped by the gopis, and who is decked with jewels radiating splendour.

    Download at

    http://www.ibiblio.org/sadagopan/ahobilavalli/raghavayadaveeyam.pdf

    Ramakrishna Viloma kavyam can be found here:
    Citation.

    Sanskrit Poem Drwas a Wheel, Sisupala Vadha

  • Rama Not Worshiped In Krishna Mahabharata Times?

    I came across a discussion in the web whether Lord Rama was worshiped during the period of Mahabharata and Lord Krishna.

    With my limited knowledge of the Epics,Ramayana and Mahabharata, I verified facts.

    Vishnu ViswaroopamVisnu's Cosmic Form.
    Viswaroopa Of Vishnu.

    There is no mention of anyone , let alone Krishna, worshiping Lord Rama during the Mahabharata period.

    Reasons are quite a few.

    1.In Indian Philosophy, Individual worship, or collective worship is not encouraged.

    Nor the idol worship is allowed /mentioned in the Vedas.

    However one finds the worship of Gods by performing penance was undertaken.

    In the Puranas and the Epics, Ramayana and Mahabharata, The Trimurti, Brahma, Vishnu,  Shiva and Devi were worshiped in the form of penance, mainly to get material benefit, Power or Knowledge.

    Indra was also worshiped in the same way.

    However the practice of worshiping a Living One or a Deified One like Rama was not in practice.

    In the case of Rama,many Rishis,many commoners, and even Rakshasas including Ravana knew Rama as an Avatar.

    But the fervent worship in our present style we have now was not there.

    Intense personal devotion to Rama by Hanuman,Sabari and a few others was in vogue.

    In the same way,Rama was not worshiped during the Mahabharata period.

    2.As Indian philosophy is  of the view that personal enlightenment is by  one’s efforts and action with God as a facilitator,not by God as the sole provider of Salvation,(Gnana , Karma and Raja Yoga)

    (Visishtadvains , some others and those who follow Bhakthi Marga would differ with me here), worshiping for Salvation was

    in theform of penance, supplemented by effort in following Dharma as prescribed in the Vedas.

    I am also aware that if one has to perform good actions and be pious , God’s Benevolence is needed.

    One needs the Blessings of the Lord to even think of Him.

    At the same time, Indian Philosophy is equally forceful in saying that one can attain Moksha by one’s efforts alone.

    This divergence of views is the speciality of Hinduism.

    These points can not be argued upon as they do not fall within the purview of Logic but Experience and Intuition.

    3. Yet there is no doubt  that Lord Rama was venerated during the Mahabharata times.

    Lord Krishna Himself appeared in the form of Rama to Jambhavantha before marrying his daughter Jambavathi.

    And we had Hanuman revealing Himself to Bhima and extolling Rama, when Bhima tried to pick up a quarrel with Hanuman.

    4.Lord Rama had shown his Viswaroopa to Bharghav Rama.

    Ramayana is narrated thrice in Mahabharata by Lomasa, Markandeya and Hanuman .

    .Rama’s Viswaroopa.

    ‘”Lomasa continued, ‘Hearing this, Dasaratha’s son blazed up in wrath and said, ‘I have heard what thou hast said, and even pardoned thee. O son of Bhrigu’s race, thou art full of vanity. Through the Grandsire’s grace thou hast obtained energy that is superior to that of the Kshatriyas. And it is for this that thou insultest me. Behold me now in my native form: I give thee sight.’ Then Rama of Bhrigu’s race beheld in the body of Dasaratha’s son the Adityas with the Vasus, the Rudras, the Sadhyas with the Marutas, the Pitris, Hutasana, the stellar constellations and the planets, the Gandharvas, the Rakshasas, the Yakshas, the Rivers, the tirthas, those eternal Rishis identified with Brahma and called the Valkhilyas, the celestial Rishis, the Seas and Mountains, the Vedas with the Upanishads and Vashats and the sacrifices, the Samans in their living form, the Science of weapons, O Bharata, and the Clouds with rain and lightning, O Yudhishthira! And the illustrious Vishnu then shot that shaft. And at this the earth was filled with sounds of thunder, and burning meteors. O Bharata, began to flash through the welkin. And showers of dust and rain fell upon the surface of the earth. And whirlwinds and frightful sounds convulsed everything, and the earth herself began to quake. And shot by the hand of Rama, that shalt, confounding by its energy the other Rama, came back blazing into Rama’s hands. And Bhargava, who had thus been deprived of his senses, regaining consciousness and life, bowed unto Rama–that manifestation of Vishnu’s power. And commanded by Vishnu, he proceeded to the mountains of Mahendra.( Mahabharata , Vana Parva,Tirtha Yatra Parva , Section XCIX)

    http://www.mahabharataonline.com/translation/mahabharata_03099.php

    https://www.quora.com/Hindu-Mythology/Why-is-Lord-Ram-not-worshipped-during-time-of-Lord-Krishna-When-did-Ram-become-Lord-Ram

  • Hinduism On Normal Supra and Para Normal

    I saw a thread in Facebook community on Ghosts, haunted houses and the topic veered around to paranormal and landed in Hinduism/Indian Philosophy.

    What does Hinduism, Sanatana Dharma say on this?

    Other religions talk of walking on water, Red Sea Parting, curing the diseased, making the dead come alive as Miracles and they are described as manifestations of God.

    Sanatana Dharma, The Epics, Ramayana, Mahabharata and the Puranas have innumerable instances which are beyond these described above.

    Virata Rupa Vishnu.gif Virata Rupa Vishnu.

    We have instances of a Rishi being born out of a vessel,(Agastya), Weapon made of the back bone of a Rishi, Dadisi’s backbone was used to create the Vajrayudha of Indra,Hanuman crossing the ocean by flying over it, three flying cities, Viswaroopa of Krishna in the Mahabharata.

    In none of these instances the term miracle is used nor were the instances considered as something unbelievable.

    The terms used were , Aascharya,(wonder) Arbhudha(wonder to behold)and utmost the term Avaktavyam(Indescribable.)

    When Indrajit was revived by the Sanjeevi Parvatha brought by Anjaneya, the term miracle is used in the sense that an impossible feat has been done.

    Another term used in these contexts is Asaadhya, that which is normally not possible, the operative word here being ‘normal’

    Reason is , for Hinduism everything is natural and normal and nothing is Para or Supra Normal and there is no miracle.

    Nothing is a Miracle for people whose Time scale extends to thousands of years ,(Read My post on Time),where there are Chiranjeevis or Immortals or where even God once born is meant to die!

    The outlook is determined by Indian Philosophy.

    Hinduism regards the whole Universe as an expression of Reality as being perceived by us.

    Perceptions may differ but the perceived remains the same.

    The Reality Brahman is a Principle, without Attributes and at the same time with Attributes depending on one’s mental make up.(Please read my Post on Hinduism on God with Forms Yes and No).

    The Reality is seen from the perspective of the Perceiver.

    Due to  ignorance we do not perceive things as they are but as what they seem to us.

    This can be seen in daily Life when things which were a cause of wonderment to us when we were children do not seem to be so when we have grown up.

    Once we know or perceive things differently the sense of wonder disappears.

    Everything is normal.

    The Jains have developed a beautiful Logical System called Sapthabanghi Naya, the Seven ways of predication or the seven ways a thing can be described.

    Please read my Post on Sapthabhangi naya.

    A thing,

    Is,exists(Asti)

    Is not, does not exist, for one who is not aware of it or not in its presence,(Nasti)

    Is indescribale, Avaktavya ( Indescribable),

    Is and Is not (Asti and Nasthi)

    A thing Is from the perspective of Onw who is aware of it and Is not from that of one who is not aware.

    Asthi and Avaktavya, A thing Is and it Is indescribable from the perspective one who does not know about It(Is and Indescribable)

    Nasthi and Avatavya-A Thing Is not and indescribable, based on similar logic.(Is Not and Indescribable)

    Asthi, Nasthi, Avattavya( Is, Is not and Indescribable)

    A thing Is , Is Not and indescribable at the same time-based on the same Logic.

    So in Hinduism Nothing is a Miracle, Para Normal or Supra Normal.

    We have Rishis and Siddhas who transcend Time and Space, assume minute forms ‘Take huge forms, enter into a dead body..

    There are eight feats on these lines.

    Read my Post.

    Depends on one’s perspective and the level of Knowledge.

    But Hinduism draws a Line.

    There is no alternative to death, once born, even if one is God!

     

  • Rama Date One Million Years Ago Gomphotheriidae Elephant Proof

    Rama Date One Million Years Ago Gomphotheriidae Elephant Proof

    Knowledge , in my opinion, is, jumping from one uncertainty to another.

    The consoling factor is that the latest information is less uncertain than the earlier one.

    ( Hindu Texts say Knowledge is nothing but removal of ignorance, by stages)

    Planetary Alignment At The Time of Rama’s Birth.

    Lord Rama’s Date has been determined by various tools.

    Please read my posts  on Dating Tools of Ramayana, Mahabharata.

    Work in progress on the four-tusked elephant Stegotetrabelodon syrticus.jpg Image,Work in progress on the four-tusked elephant Stegotetrabelodon syrticus.

    Some of them are,

    Literary, both Indian and Foreign.

    Etymology from Sanskrit and Tamil.

    Cultural behaviour.

    Archeology.

    Astronomy.

    Each one of these has its strength and weaknesses.

    When we speak of archeology, it has to be borne in mind that when one digs he hits the top available layer of the site.

    If the events had taken place over thousands of years, then the layers one finds may not reflect them as we would have it the first layer available, because the deposits of the earth would have covered the earlier ones.

    In the case of Astronomy, by far the best tool, which none can tamper-with, has its peculiar problem.

    Planetary Alignment at the Time of Rama's Birth..Image.jpg
    Planetary Alignment at the Time of Rama’s Birth.

    When one dates with the help of Astronomy, one must remember that astronomical events repeat themselves at regular intervals.

    Which one has to be taken into account ?

    The issue is very much relevant in dating the Indian Puranas and Ithihasa.

    They cover vast stretches of Time.

    Lord Rama Has been dated at 5114 BC.

    Please read my Post.

    But the event verified by planetary  positions indicate, as I observed earlier, that there have been similar Planetary configurations.

    So to determine the date, one has to seek the help of the other tools.

    c3865-bm-image-751276

    In this case, it is Valmiki’s Ramayana.

    In the Valmiki Ramayana, Sundara-Kanda (or Book 5), Chapter 4, verse 27, [Gita Press, Gorakhpur, India] it explains that when Hanuman first approached Ravana’s palace, he saw the doorways surrounded by horses and chariots, palanquins and aerial cars, beautiful horses and elephants, nay, with four-tusked elephants decked with jewels resembling masses of white clouds.

    Elsewhere in the Valmiki Ramayana, Sundara-Kanda (or Book 5), Chapter 27, verses12, an ogress named Trijata has a dream of Lord Rama, which she describes to the other demoniac ogresses upon awakening. In that dream she sees Rama, scion of Raghu, united again with Sita. Sri Rama was mounted on a huge elephant, closely resembling a hill, with four tusks.

    (The question is how could there be a mention of the elephants with four tusks unless Valmiki and the people of his era were familiar with such creatures? A quick search on the Encarta Encyclopedia will let us know that these four-tusked elephants were known as Mastodontoidea, which are said to have evolved around 38 million years ago and became extinct about 15 million years ago when the shaggy and two tusked Mastodons increased in population.”)

    Valmiki does not lie.

    His facts check out in Geographical descriptions and astronomical events.

    Wherever he has used Hyperbole, it is easily distinguishable.

    Those  who know Sanskrit know how to identify them.

    triviSTapa nibham divyam divya naada vinaaditam |
    vaaji heSita samghuSTam naaditam bhuuSaNaiH tathaa || 5-4-26
    rathaiH yaanaiH vimaanaiH ca tathaa gaja hayaiH shubhaiH |
    vaaraNaiH ca catuH dantaiH shveta abhra nicaya upamaiH || 5-4-27
    bhuuSitam rucira dvaaram mattaiH ca mR^iga pakSibhiH |
    raakSasa adhipateH guptam aavivesha gR^iham kapiH || 5-4-28

    26,27,28.. mahaakapiH= The great Hanuma; aavivesha= entered; guptam= secretly; raakshasaadhipateeH= Ravana’s inner city; trivishhTapaHnibham= (which was like a) paradise; divyam= best one; vaajighoshhitasangushhTam= resonating with neighing of horses; tadhaa= and; naaditam= made noisy; bhuushhanaiH= with ornaments; radhaiH= by chariots; yaanaiH= by vehicles; vimaanaishca= and by aerial-cars; tadhaa= and; bhuushhitam= decorated by;; subhaiHhayagajaiH= by auspicious horses and elephants; swetaabranicayopamaiH= equalling a group of white clouds; vaaraNaishca= by great elephants; caturdantaiH= with four tusks; mR^igapakshibhiH= by animals and birds; mattaiH= in heat; ruciradvaaram= with a beautiful entrance; rakshitam= protected; yaatudhaanaiH= by raksasas; sumahaaviiraiH= with great strength; shahasrasheH= in thousands.

    The great Hanuma entered secretly Ravana’s inner city which was equal to paradise, rendered noisy by neighing of horses and tinkling of ornaments, by chariots, vehicles and aerial-cars and decorated by auspicious elephants and horses and great elephants with four tusks and by birds and animals in heat. It had beautiful entrances and was protected by thousands of rakshasas with great strength..

    Sundara Kanda Sarga 4, Verse 26, 27 and 28)

    raameNa saMgataa siitaa bhaaskareNa prabhaa yathaa |
    raaghavashcha mayaa dR^iSTashcha turdaMSTraM mahaagajam || 5-27-12
    aaruuDhaH shailasaMkaashaM chachaara sahalakShmaNaH |

    12. siitaa = Seetha; saMgataa = came together; raameNa = with Rama; prabhaa yathaa = like the light; bhaaskareNa = with the Sun; raamashcha = Rama also; mayaa dR^ishhTaH = was seen by me; aaruuDhaH = (to be) mounted; mahaagajam = on a great elephant; chaturdraShhTram = with four tusks; shailasaMkaasham = equalling a mountain; chachaara = (and) wandered; saha lakshmanaH = together with Lakshmana.

    Seetha came together with Rama like the light with the Sun. Rama also was seen by me to be mounted on a great elephant with four tusks and equalling a mountain and Rama wandered together with Lakshmana.”

    (Sundara Kanda Sarga 27 , Verse 12)

    त्रिविष्टप निभम् दिव्यम् दिव्य नाद विनादितम् |
    वाजि हेषित सम्घुष्टम् नादितम् भूषणैः तथा ||

    रथैः यानैः विमानैः च तथा गज हयैः शुभैः |
    वारणैः च चतुः दन्तैः श्वेत अभ्र निचय उपमैः ||

    भूषितम् रुचिर द्वारम् मत्तैः च मृग पक्षिभिः |
    राक्षस अधिपतेः गुप्तम् आविवेश गृहम् कपिः ||

    The great Hanuma entered secretly Ravana’s inner city which was equal to paradise, rendered noisy by neighing of horses and tinkling of ornaments, by chariots, vehicles and aerial-cars and decorated by auspicious elephants and horses and great elephants with four tusks and by birds and animals in heat. It had beautiful entrances and was protected by thousands of rakshasas with great strength.

    (Sundara Kanda 4th Sarga 26 – 28 Slokas)

    उत्तमम् राक्षसावासम् हनुमानवलोकयन् |
    आससादाथ लक्ष्मीवान् राक्षसेन्द्रनिवेशनम् ||

    चतुर् विषाणैर् द्विरदैः त्रिविषाणैः तथैव च |
    परिक्षिप्तम् असम्बाधम् रक्ष्यमाणम् उदायुधैः ||

    Thereafter, Hanuma the glorious one neared and observed the best residence of Rakshasas and the house of Ravana, containing elephants with four tusks and also those with three tusks, those with two tusks and still not crowded. It was protected by soldiers bearing raised weapons.

    (Sundara Kanda 9th Sarga 4 – 5 Slokas)

    Here, Sage Valmiki describes elephants with four tusks and also those with three tusks and those with two tusks.

    *Image of Gomophotheres set as featured Image at the top of this article.

    Description and places  where it lived,according to Modern Zoology.

    Welded beast”
    Height:
    3 m (10 ft)
    Weight:
    4 tons
    Time:
    13,650,000-
    3,600,000 B.C.
    Location:
    Bavaria, Germany; Nyanza and Rift Valley, Kenya; Södermanland, Sweden; Kansas, Nebraska, Nevada, and Tennessee, United States

    You find India missing!

     

    Now  History of Biology proves that,

    “The Gomphotheriidae were a diverse taxonomic family of extinct elephant-like animals (proboscideans). Referred to as gomphotheres, they were widespread in North America during the Miocene and Pliocene epochs, 12–1.6 million years ago. Some lived in parts of Eurasia,Beringia and, following the Great American Interchange, South America. Beginning about 5 million years ago, they were gradually replaced by modern elephants, but the last two South American species, in the genus Cuvieronius, did not finally become extinct until possibly as recently as 9,100 BP, and Stegomastodon remains have been dated as recently as 6,060 BP in the Valle del Magdalena, Colombia. Gomphotheres also survived in Mexico and Central America until the end of the Pleistocene

    Ramayana took place in the Treta Yuga, according to Valmiki and other Puranas.

    Treta  Yuga was about ,

    “The duration of the Tretā-yuga is 3,600 x 360, or 1,296,000 years. The duration of the Dvāpara-yuga is 2,400 x 360, or 864,000 years. And the last, the Kali-yuga, is 1,200 x 360, or 432,000 years in total.” (Śrīmad Bhāgavatam 3.11.19) . These 4 yugas follow a timeline ratio of (4:3:2:1).

    That’s about a Million Years ago.

    (Please read my Post Million Year Old Tamil Quotes Vedas)

    Hence the astronomical calculation being cited to date Rama at 5114 BC can be revised to the same astronomical Event around one Million ago.

    So Lord Rama can be dated around One Million years ago, considering this evidence and the dates of Dwaraka(Dated 32 000 years ago), the earliest dwelling Tamil Site in Chennai which is a Million Years old.( and Tamil quotes Ramayana)

    Sources.

      Stephen-Knapp.com – http://www.stephen-knapp.com/lord_rama_fact_or_fiction.htm)

    http://www.grahamhancock.com/forum/DMisraB6.php

    http://www.valmikiramayan.net/sundara/sarga4/sundara_4_frame.htm

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomphothere

    Million Year Tamil Site Pallavaram Chennai Dated Report

  • Hindu Kings Of Iraq Turkey Syria Lebanon Egypt Italy Mitanni Empire

    I have written about the Mitanni People and the Mitanni Empire.

    The Mitanni Empire covered what is now known as Iraq, Turkey Syria, Lebanon,Egypt and included Italy.

    They were the ancestors of these people.

    Mitanni were the ancestors of the Egyptians as well.

    Mittani Empire.png Mittani Empire. “Near East 1400 BCE” by User:Javierfv1212 – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Near_East_1400_BCE.png. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons – http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Near_East_1400_BCE.png#/media/File:Near_East_1400_BCE.png

     

    ‘These Kings and even a Roman Emperor sported Thiruman, The Vaishnavite marks on their Body.

     

    The Sun King Akhenaten of Egypt who ruled between 1352-1336 BC was a son-in-law of Tushratta, the Mitanni king. The name Tushratta has been recorded in the Hittite cuneiform script.

     

    Some have suggested that the Sanskrit origin of Tushratta is Dasaratha, a few others that it is Tvesaratha (having splendid chariots), a name which is attested in the Rigveda.

    “The first Mitanni king was Sutarna I (good sun). He was followed by Baratarna I (or Paratarna great sun), Parasuksatra(ruler with axe),…. Saustatar (Sauksatra, son of Suksatra, the good ruler), Artadama (abiding in cosmic law)..Tushratta (Dasaratha), and finally Matiwazza (Mativaja, whose wealth is thought) during whose lifetime the Mitanni state appears to have become a vassal to Assyria”. Subhash Kak traces the ‘arna’ syllable in the names of the kings to ‘araNi’ (अरणि) meaning ‘sun’…

    (Akhenaten, Surya, and the Rigveda’, Prof Subhash Kak (an Indian American computer scientist, previous Head of Computer Science Department, Oklahoma State University)

    A number of Indo-European sounding words have been identified in the cuneiform documents of the Mitanni kingdom (1500-1200 BC). In addition to nouns and adjectives with parallels in Sanskrit this Hurrian speaking kingdom had kings with Indo-Aryan names and two documents even list the main Gods of the Indian pantheon….”

     

    The kingdom of the Mitanni Indo-Iranian dynasty that ruled in the land of the Hurrians was in the upper Euphrates-Tigris basin – land that is now part of northern Iraq, Syria and south-eastern Turkey.

    At its greatest extent (for a brief period at the height of its dynastic power), Mitanni territory extended to the Mediterranean coast and into northern Assyria / Mesopotamia, it’s south-eastern neighbour.

    Mitanni’s north-western border with theHattian kingdom of the Hittites was fluid and constantly subject to aggression except when the two rivals concluded a peace treaty – one that invoked the Indo-Iranian pantheon of Mitra, Varuna, Indra and the Nasatyas – but also one that marked the decline of the Mitanni kingdom and a decrease in size. The Mitanni and Hittites were closely related. The Hittites used the Hurrian language extensively in their inscriptions. They also shared in the development of the light chariot whose wheels used spokes .

    The Hurrian lands are today a part of Greater Kurdistan….

     

    Despite Tusratta’s problems, he was not beyond offering his daughter Tadukhipa in marriage to the King Amenhotep III of Egypt for a large quantity of gold. The tablet seen to the right is a letter from Tusratta to Amenhotep in which he asks for “gold in very great quantity” as a bride price, supporting his request with the comment, “Gold is as dust in the land of my brother.”

    The beleaguered Tusratta was then murdered by his son in a palace coup. Tusratta’s other son, Prince Shattiwaza, fled Mitanni and was eventually given sanctuary by the Hittite King Suppiluliuma with whom he concluded a treaty c. 1380 BCE, which we know as the Suppiluliuma-Shattiwaza Treaty (discovered in 1907 CE in Hattusa, near present-day Bogazkale(Boğazkale, formerly Bogazköy) in north-central Turkey. In the treaty, the Hittite King Suppiluliuma agreed to assist Shattiwaza gain the Mitanni throne and invaded Mitanni. The Hittites captured the Mitanni capital Wassukanni after a second attempt and installed Shattiwaza as a vassal king.

    The Suppiluliuma-Shattiwaza Treaty is a source of considerable information about the Mitanni. In addition, it gives us some astonishing information about the religious practices of the Mitanni for it invokes the Indo-Iranian pantheon of asuras and devas Mitras(il) (Mitra), Uruvanass(il) (Varuna), Indara (Indra) and theNasatianna (Nasatyas) (Ashwins).

    Following the capture of Wassukanni, the Hittites installed new rulers in Mitanni towns while the Assyrians regained control of the territory they had lost to the Mitanni. Tusratta was killed and his son Shattiwaza became a vassal of the Hittite Suppiluliuma (c.1344 – 1322 BCE). At the same time, the rebellious Artatama became a puppet king of a reborn Assyria, led by king Assur-Uballit I (1364-1328 BCE). Wassukanni was sacked again by the Assyrian king Adad-Nirari I around 1290 BCE, after which very little is known of its history.

    In our page on the Hittites, we note:
    “In the Bogazkale archives, native Hurrian is used frequently for a wide range of non-official texts such as those on rituals and even the Epic of Gilgamesh – more so than native Hattian. Native Hurrian texts have been found throughout the region. One such text dated to 1750 BCE was found at Tell Hariri (ancient Mari), a Middle Euphrates site, and another at Ras Shamra (Ugarit) on the Syrian coast indicating Hurrian i.e. Mitanni influence in the region preceded the rise of Hittite power. A similar language to Hurrian is the language of Urartu located to the west of the Hittite lands at the headwaters of the Euphrates and around Lake Van. According to the literature (cf. The Hittites by O. R. Gurney, Penguin Books 1981), The Hurrians were migrants to the Upper Euphrates and Habur basin from the Elburz Mountains east across the Taurus Mountains from about 2300 BCE onwards.”

    The Mitanni name for chariot warriors was maryanna or marijannina, a form of the Indo-Iranian term marya meaning ‘young man,” used in the Rig Veda when referring to the celestial warriors assembled around the Vedic deity Indra.The Mitanni were famed charioteers. They are reported to have spearheaded the development of the light war chariot with wheels that used spokes rather than solid wood wheels like those used by the Sumerians.

    Tushratta's letter to Amenhotep III of Egypt Amarna from Tell el-Amarna. Housed at British Museum WAA 29791.jpg Tushratta’s letter to Amenhotep III of Egypt Amarna from Tell el-Amarna. Housed at British Museum WAA 29791
    The Hittite archives of Hattusa, near present-day Bogazkale contained what is the oldest surviving horse training manual in the world. The elaborate work was written c. 1345 BCE on four tablets and contains 1080 lines by a Mitanni horse trainer named Kikkuli. It begins with the words, “Thus speaks Kikkuli, master horse trainer of the land of Mitanni” and uses various Indo-Iranian words for horse colours, numbers and names. Examples are:

    assussanni a form of the Sanskrit asva-sani meaning ‘horse trainer’,
    aika wartanna meaning one turn (cf. Vedic Sanskrit ek vartanam),
    tera wartanna meaning three turns (cf. Vedic Sanskrit tri vartanam),
    panza wartanna meaning five turns (cf. Vedic Sanskrit panca vartanam),
    satta wartanna meaning seven turns (cf. Vedic Sanskrit sapta vartanam), and
    navartanna meaning nine turns (cf. Vedic Sanskrit nava vartanam).
    [Regrettably, writers do not mention the Old Iranian equivalents.]

    A Hurrian text from Yorgan Tepe also uses Indo-Iranian words to describe the colour of horses, words such as babru for brown, parita for grey, and pinkara for a reddish hue.

    The Kikkuli manual for training chariot horses highlights the links between the Mitanni and Hittites. Even though they were rivals at times, the two groups also collaborated frequently. The fact that the Hittites employed a Mitanni as a master trainer of horses may indicate that it was the Mitanni who were the regional experts in horse training especially for military purposes (in a manner similar to the Sogdians in the East) and that the Mitanni in turn had brought the expertise with them in their migration westward.

    The methods used in the Kikkuli method enabled horses to be trained without injury. The text detailed a 214-day training regime using interval training and sports medicine techniques such as the principle of progression, peak loading systems, electrolyte replacement, fartlek training, intervals and repetitions and was directed at horses with a high proportion of slow-twitch muscle fibres. the Kikkuli horses were stabled, rugged, washed down with warm water and fed oats, barley and hay at least three times per day.

    Kikkuli’s interval training technique stressed the leading of horses at a trot, canter and gallop, before subjecting them to the weight bearing stress of a rider, driver or chariot. Workouts sometimes numbered three a day with scheduled rest days. Kikkuli’s interval training contained three stages – the first two for developing strong legs and a strong cardio-muscular system, and the third for increasing neuromuscular conditioning. His workouts included brief recoveries to lower the heart rate. Swimming was also included in intervals of three to five sessions, with rest periods after each session. The horses were also subject to warming down periods and the method’s example of cantering included intermediate pauses to lower the heart rate partially and as the training advanced the workouts included intervals at the canter.

    Mitanni Indo-Iranian Names

    The names of the Mitanni kings and their capital city were of Indo-Iranian origin. For instance, Tueratta was a form of the Indo-Iranian Tvesa-ratha meaning ‘Possessor of a Chariot’. The name S’attuara was a form of Satvarmeaning ‘warrior’ and the name of the Mitanni capital Wassukanni, was a form of Vasu-khani meaning ‘wealth-mine’.

    The names of proto-Indo-Iranian dieties are also found to form the names of the Kassite rulers of Babylonia.

    Arta

    Several Mitanni names contained the Old Persian term arta, a derivative of asha via arsha, meaning cosmic order and truth (arta transforms to the Sanskrit r’ta). Arta is found used in Old Persian Achaemenian names (e.g. Artakhshassa c.450 BCE) and in the Sogdian Avesta as well. Asha is the central ethical concept of the Avesta.

    Philologists trace the Mitanni names to the Vedic equivalents. For instance, they note that the royal name Artatama was a form of the Indo-Iranian R’ta-dhaanman meaning ‘the abode of rta’, and the name Artas’s’umara was a form of Rta-smara meaning ‘remembering r’ta’.

    However, for some reason, none of the writers that we have come across link the name to their Old Iranian or Old Persian equivalents – equivalents that will be closer to the Mitanni names as we have demonstrated with the use of arta above.

     

    Reference and Citation.

    http://www.heritageinstitute.com/zoroastrianism/ranghaya/mitanni.htm#dynasty