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Tag: Sarasvathi valley

  • Indus Valley Civilization Dravidian

    Indus Valley Civilization Dravidian

    ..The term Dravidian coined by Robert Caldwell,who was a Christian Missionary with the Agenda of propagating Christianity much like Mueller has played/is playing havoc in understanding the ancient History of India.

    The term Dravida was used by the Vedic texts to indicate a group of people living south of the Vindhya Mountains,Caldwell used this term to indicate an Ethnic group and paved a way to divide India on the bass of Ethnicity.

    Then came the sophisticated attempt of dividing my proposing Aryan Invasion theory,which now stands discredited.

    Please read my post The Fraud called Aryan Invasion.

    While Max Mueller ,another well masked missionary took the route of planting deliberate misinterpretation of Vedas,though he did some good job,to confuse ancient Indian History(please read my articles on Max Mueller),Robert Caldwell took the Tamil Language to distort History by paving the way for misinformation about Tamils,Dravidas and Sanatana Dharma.

    Indus valley time chart.image.
    Indus valley Timeline

    This has made historians running in circles.

    If one accepts Aryan Invasion Theory,you have to accept that there was no presence of Vedic Dharma in the south;there were animosities between the Arynas and the Dravidas:the culture of these two were mutually exclusive;you can not explain the advanced culture in the South nor can you account for the numerous archeological finds that indicate a close connection between the two:you find it to date Kings and Eras.

    But facts reveal themselves if one takes India as a unit refer to literature of All Indian Languages and foreign  literary references about India from Plato,Strabo and others.

    The facts.

    Rama’s ancestor was A Dravidian and ruled Dravida Kingdom.

    Ravana was from the south and was a Dravida.

    Shiva worship preceded in the Dravida Desa much before the Vedic period.

    Valmiki,who compiled/composed Ramayana,was a Tamil poet.

    So were Sage Agastya ,Parashurama,Gautama,Rishyasrunga….

    Rama’s ancestor Sagara of Kosala Kingdom married a Dravidian princess.

    Krishna attended Tamil Sangam.

    Krishna,Arjuna married Pandyan Princesses and had children.

    Sahadeva and Balarama visited South in their pilgrimage.

    Madurai Meenakshi’s father Malayathdwaja Pandyz fought along with Pandavas in the Kurukshetra battle of Mahabharata.

    Chera king Perunchotru Udiyan Neduncheralaathan provided food for both the Pandava and Kaurava armies during Mahabharatha war.

    Kulothunga Chola’s son in law built Konark Sun Temple.

    Rama,Sita and Hanuman ,among others of Ramayana visited many Shiva and Vishnu temples in the south..

    List is endless.

    Now more evidence.

    Tamil Brahmi script was found in Saraswathi valley.

    Tamil King Sibi,ancestor of Rama ruled from the north,where he had his second capital.

    He built the Thiruvellarai Temple,near Srirangam,Tamil Nadu for Vishnu as Pundarkaksha.

    Tamil is found among the Brahui people in NWFP area even today.

    ‘

    The Indus Valley civilisation (2,600-1,900 BCE) located both in Paistan and India is often identified as having been Dravidian.Cultural and linguistic similarities have been cited by researchers Henry Heras, Kamil Zvelebil, Asko Parpola and Iravatham Mahadevan as being strong evidence for a proto-Dravidian origin of the ancient Indus Valley civilisation.The discovery in Tamil Nadu of a late Neolithic (early 2nd millennium BCE, i.e. post-dating Harappan decline) stone celt allegedly marked with Indus signs has been considered by some to be significant for the Dravidian identification.….

    Yuri Knorozov surmised that the symbols represent a logosyllabic script and suggested, based on computer analysis, an underlying agglutinative Dravidian language as the most likely candidate for the underlying language.Knorozov’s suggestion was preceded by the work of Henry Heras, who suggested several readings of signs based on a proto-Dravidian assumption.….

    Linguist Asko Parpola writes that the Indus script and Harappan language are “most likely to have belonged to the Dravidian family”. Parpola led a Finnish team in investigating the inscriptions using computer analysis. Based on a proto-Dravidian assumption, they proposed readings of many signs, some agreeing with the suggested readings of Heras and Knorozov (such as equating the “fish” sign with the Dravidian word for fish, “min”) but disagreeing on several other readings. A comprehensive description of Parpola’s work until 1994 is given in his book Deciphering the Indus Script’

    https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidian_people

    https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_period

    https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Rigvedic_tribes

    Images credit.

    http://www.crystalinks.com/induscivilization.html

    There are  33 Vedic tribes listed in the Rig Veda.

    Their presence and dispersal was towards the north,north east of India,Persia and Russia.

    One has to account for the presence of Sanatana Dharma in the Far east  ,extending to Australia and the spread  in Europe,Africa,Americas and Mesoamericas.

    This was the work of  Dravidians at first and later by the Vedic people.

    References and Citations. wiki,provided at each block quote.

    Reference Books.

  • Who Are Gauda Saraswat Brahmins

    I had written on the History of Brahmins in India and followed it up with an article From where did the Brahmins come from.

    I had written a couple of articles about the Brahmins of Tamil Nadu ,Karnataka.

    Now let us see who the Gouda  Sarswat Bramins are .(GSB)

     

    http://ecx.images-amazon.com/images/I/51OHd1rjq0L._SX351_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg

    Kalhana, King cum Historian about the distribution of Families in India thus.

    ‘

    कर्णाटकाश्च तैलंगा द्राविडा महाराष्ट्रकाः,
    गुर्जराश्चेति पञ्चैव द्राविडा विन्ध्यदक्षिणे ||
    सारस्वताः कान्यकुब्जा गौडा उत्कलमैथिलाः,
    पन्चगौडा इति ख्याता विन्ध्स्योत्तरवासि ||

    Karnataka (Kannada), Telugu (Andhra), Dravida (Tamil and Kerala), Maharashtra and Gujarat are Five Southern (Panch Dravida). Saraswata, Kanyakubja, Gauda, Utkala (Orissa), Maithili are Five Northern (Pancha Gauda ).

    -Kalhana in Raja Tharangini

    saraswat_brahman

    During the period of Sanatana Dharma, when the landmass of India was different,when Lemuria and Atlantis were in place as a part of Rodina , the Super Continent, Hindus were apread throughout the world.

    Brahmins being a part of the group, were also spread through out the world.

    Brahmins were found in as far away places from the present India to Ireland,Egypt, Turkey,Caucasus Region, Arctic, Polynesia and Australia to mention a few placed.

    Taking into account the present political map of the present India, concentration of Brahmins were in the following regions.

    Dravida Desa, comprising of the present States of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka,and Andhra.

    Among this there were two areas were Brahmins were more concentrated.

    That is in The Godavari Valley and the Cauvery Delta.

    While the former are now found more in Andhra and Karnataka, the later are settled in Tamil Nadu and Kerala.

    In the North we have the Brahmins in the Basins of Sind, Saraswati,Ganges.

    Panch Gaur (the five classes of Northern India):

     

    (1) Saraswat, (2) Kanyakubja, (3) Maithil Brahmins, (4) Gauda brahmins (including Sanadhyas), and (5)Utkala Brahmins .

     

    In addition, for the purpose of giving an account of Northern Brahmins each of the provinces must be considered separately, such as, Kashmir, Nepal, Uttarakhand, Himachal, Kurukshetra, Rajputana, Uttar Pradesh,Ayodhya (Oudh), Gandhar, Punjab, North Western Provinces and Pakistan, Sindh, Central India, Trihoot, Bihar, Orissa, Bengal, Assam, etc. The originate from south of the (now-extinct) Saraswati River.

    In Bihar, majority of Brahmins are Kanyakubja Brahmins, Bhumihar Brahmins and Maithil Brahmins with a significant population of Sakaldiwiya or Shakdwipi Brahmins.

    Of this there were Families that migrated from the Saraswathi River region towards the south,probably due to a Tsunami that engulfed the Region towards the closing years of Dwapara Yuga, that is some time after the Mahabharata War.

    This finds a reference in the Bhagavatha Purana and Tamil Classics.

    One group led by Sage Agastya came to Dravida Desa and they were 72 Families who were called Velirs and formed a part of Tamil Kingdom.

    These Kingdoms were mostly under the tutelage  of the Cholas of Tamil Nadu though at times they became independent  and at some other times with the Rashtrakutas.

    . Im They belonged to Smartatradition and primarily worshipped Panchayatana (the five deities): Shiva, Vishnu, Devi, Surya and Ganesha.  These Brahmins were one of the Pancha Gouda Brahmin groups who lived north of the Vindhyas. 

    Saraswat Brahmins mastered the Vedas, and administered the priestly rites in the temples. The Vedas were passed down to the generations by the virtue of word of mouth, as written records didn’t exist at that time.  The Saraswat Brahmins had to maintain a very tight hold on their culture to maintain and protect their legacy. 
    The first migration of Saraswats to Goa took place around 700 BC. They migrated from the Saraswati, mostly through sea routes in search of greener pastures.  They took up farming and trading business in Goa and worked in partnership with indigenous people. At the same time, they retained their Vedic way of life, performing their rituals and retaining their cultural traditions.  They also brought theirKuladevtas and established temples for their deities. These temples facilitated socio-cultural activities of the community.’
    ‘According to the mythological chronicle Sahyadrikhanda of the Skanda Purana, ninety-six Brahmin families belonging to ten gotrasmigrated to Goa from north-western India.The Purana adds that the sage Parashurama brought Saraswats to Goa. Even if Parashurama is considered as a historical figure, the regionalisation of Brahmins had not taken place during his era and he had brought only Brahmins and not specifically Saraswats Brahmin. According to Bhau Daji and Dharmananda Damodar Kosambi, there is no connection between Parashurama and the migration of the Brahmins. The Sahyadrikhaṇḍa is a later inclusion in the original SanskritSkanda Puraṇa, not a part of the original Sanskrit text. The Parashurama legend serves as a symbol of the Sanskritisation that Goan culture experienced with the advent of Brahminical religion to the region. This was achieved to a certain extent through the agency of the Saraswat Brahmins who had migrated to Goa who sought to establish their hegemony.

    Sahyadrikhanda mentions the original home of Saraswats as Tirhut. The section in which the Tirhut is mentioned has been tentatively dated to 1400 CE. A writer on the basis of the genealogy and chronology of Puranic sages has mentioned that Aryans reached Goa around 2500 BCE. This is based on a preconceived notion that Aryans and Saraswats were identical. Elsewhere in the same work the author has argued that Parashurama had brought only Brahmins and not Saraswats. Therefore, equating Aryans and Saraswats seems to be far-fetched.[3] It is more reasonable to suppose that the Saraswats of Goa migrated from northwestern Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Sindh, Kutch and Saurashtra. There is no agreement among scholars about the original home of Saraswats. The name by which these Brahmins have been designated clearly indicates that the river Saraswati had played an important role in the life in their life. Even after the disappearance of the river, the Brahmins who had once inhabited the banks of river Saraswati retained the name of the region. There are evidences in history about the migration of the population from one region to another regions account of foreign invasions and sudden climatic changes. Recent researches in archaeology have shown that the Saraswati river dried up before 1000 BCE. For the study of the migration of the Saraswats to Konkan and Deccan, the linguistics provides corroborative evidence. The main line of Indo-Aryan linguistic expansion began from north to south much before 500 BCE. The Saraswats settled themselves in Rajasthan, Sindh and Gujarat. In ancient Gujarat there was a separate division called Saraswat Mandal. There are many Konkani words which are found only in Gujrati. From this it is evident that Saraswats had settled in Gujarat migrated to Goa. This also indicates that the Saraswats from the Kutch regions might have migrated to Goa on account of Arab invasion in the 8th century CE.[3]

    Reference to Saraswat names are found in Shilaharas well as Kadambacopper plate inscriptions. Certain Muslim incursions in North India provoked the Brahmin exodus. The inscriptions found in Goa bear testimony to arrival of Brahmin families in the Konkan region.Sahyadrikhanda and Mangesh Mahatmya allude to migrations of Saraswats, constituting sixty-six families, who settled in eight villages of Goa. There were regional variations among the Saraswats, such as those among Bardeskars, Pednelkars, Kudalkarsand Sashtikars. The Konkana mahatmya, from the 17th century CE, deals with the internal rivalry of the Saraswats and strained relations between these groups. Saraswats were not recognised by the local Brahmins as well as others. They were not entitled to the six duties of the Brahmins called Shatkarmas and they were called Trikarmi, entitled to three duties like the other Dvijas. Hence besides their sacerdotal duties, they took up administrative vocations under the ruling dynasties. Therefore, they gradually established themselves in the landowning class and also as traders. After settling down in Konkan and Goa in about 800 CE Saraswats may have taken about a century to acquire patronage from the Shilaharas and the Kadambas of Goa. Many Saraswats left Goa after the invasion of Malik Kafur to the neighbouring regions and during the period of religious persecution of the Portuguese also Saraswats migrated to Uttar Kannada, Dakshina Kannada and North Konkan. The Saraswat Brahmins particularly served as village Kulkarnis, financiers, tax farmers, merchants in the intra-Asian trade, and diplomats. Many sources of government income in Goa, Konkan and elsewhere, including taxes on commodities and customs duties, remained in their hands.

     

    ‘First Migration :
    A king from Saraswat country, called Videgha Mathava with his preceptor, Gautama Rahugana set out eastwards to find out new pastures. In those days fire was to be carried physically from place to place and the king carried a tiny spark on his tongue. On the way the preceptor started conversing with the king but the king remained tight-lipped without giving any reply for fear that the spark might fall or get extinguished. The preceptor understood the anxiety of the king and invoked Agni, the fire-god. On hearing the praises, out came the flames of fire from the mouth of the king and started rolling on the ground like the waves of the sea. “Agnideva, what is thy command?” the priest asked, “Follow me,” was the commandment of the fire-god. Accordingly, they followed. The flames sped away eastwards through the Gangetic belt and on reaching the western bank of the River Sadaneera vanished. This is how the civilisation moved to the eastern region, later to be known as Aryavarta, and some of the families of Saraswat Brahmins moved to the east and settled down in Trihotrapura a township in Gowda Desha and later called them selves as Gowda Saraswats. According to another version, our forefathers never went to Trihotrapura but were called Gowda Saraswats as Saraswats were one among five groups of Brahmins who were collectively called Panchagowdas as stated above at the beginning. Whatever be the version, civilisation moved from western part of India to the Eastern India and definitely some families, when the river went dry must have gone to Trihotrapura. This anecdote is mentioned in Shatapatha Brahmana.

    Second Migration :
    As stated in the Sahyadri Khanda of Skanda Purana Lord Parashurama after reclaiming land from the western sea invited various groups of Brahmins from different parts of Bharat Khanda. In response ten families of Gowda Saraswats came down from Trihotrapura with their deities of daily worship and settled down in Gomantak now known as Goa. In gratitude even today the Gowda Saraswats dedicate all their havans and yajnas be it Gayatri or Mrityunjaya to Lord Parashurama stating “Yajnantargat Bhagwan Shri Parashuramamurti priyatam.”

    In the course of time the ten families multiplied and with the passage of time they took to trade and commerce as permitted by the scriptures, besides officiating as priests. Depending upon their occupations this gave them various surnames as they have to-day like Kini – a treasurer handling money with the jingling sound, Mallya – a construction contractor who built mansions or mahals, Nayak-a leader in any army. In Goa they were in full bloom and they built up hundreds of shrines and temples besides establishing Shri Kaivalya Math in the eighth century.

    Brother Communities :
    Their brother Saraswats migrated to various other parts of the country. Those who migrated to Kashmir called themselves as Kashmiri Pandits, Sind-Sind Saraswats, Kutch-Kutchi Saraswats, Rajapur-Rajapur Saraswats, Punjab-Punjab Saraswats, Rajasthan-Rajasthan Saraswats and Chitrapur-Chitrapur Saraswats.

    This in a nutshell is the mythological and historical background of the Gowda Saraswat Brahmins popularly known as GSBs. 

    Saraswat Muni : Saraswat was the son of Maharshi Dadhichi and the River Goddess Saraswati brought him up. When he was a student mastering the scriptures on account of successive droughts, the river went dry and people leaving their home and hearth on the banks of the River Saraswati left for other places in search of food and water. The young Saraswat also wanted to leave the place but the mother persuaded him to stay back and pursue his studies, and assured that she would provide him food and water. According to another version, he had the prowess to conquer hunger, thirst and sleep. Like this 12 long years passed and the normalcy returned only thereafter. In the meantime the Brahmins had forgotten the Vedas in their anxiety to survive. 

    When they were eager to learn again, only one person, that was Saraswat, was available as a teacher. They became his shishyas irrespective of their age and learnt from him the Vedas that were forgotten. They were altogether 60,000 brahmins and single handedly Saraswat taught them in his gurukula. Perhaps nowhere in the history of mankind there is a record available that one single teacher had taught such a huge assembly of students. This story is told in Mahabharat and it is believed that long ago our forefathers must have been his disciples and we acquired the name Saraswats as his disciples. Vishnupurana while giving a list of Vyasas (which in fact is a title given to a sage who had rendered selfless service for the preservation and propagation of Vedas) mentions Saraswat’s name also.

    Jagaduru Gowdapadacharya : Lived in 8th Century and for the first time expounded Adwaita philosophy. His very name and fame attracted Shri Adiguru Shankaracharya and at the behest of Shri Gowdapada, his shishya Shri Govindapada gave deeksha to Shri Shanakara and also to Shri Vivarananda Saraswati to commence a new Guruparampara for GSBs. More is narrated about him under “Our Religious Seats, Shri Kavle Math.”

     

    Citations and references.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goud_Saraswat_Brahmin

     

    http://www.gsbkonkani.net/OurHistory.htm

     

  • Vedic Sarasvati River Flows Again In Haryana

    Vedic Sarasvati River Flows Again In Haryana

    The Hindu Texts mention Sarasvati river exhaustively.

    Sarasvathi River Found, Yamuna Nagar,Haryana.

    The River Sarasvati is included in the Prokshana,Sandhyavandan and Snana Mantra..

    Gange cha Yamenes chaiva Godavari Sarasvathi,

    Narmade Sindhu Kaveri Jalesmin Sannidhim Kuru.

    There was a Vedic civilization flourishing on the banks of the Sarasvati river and it was named as Sarasvati Civilization.

    Initially all the references found in the Vedas,Puranas and Ithihasas were dismissed as Myths.

    As science advances and the web becomes the source of information , which has been not available earlier, the Myths are found to be facts.

    Starting from the dates of the Vedas, Ramayana , Mahabharata and Puranas, many of the events have been proved to be facts.

    Recent to be proved is the River Sarasvati.

    About five thousands year ago ,the Sarasvathy River flowed from Himalaya in a south-westerly direction along Bata valley and crossed through present day Haryana, where geologists found pebbles generally transported by flowing water of rivers and refined sand generally found in a river path.

    Now the Sarswathi river has been found by Geologists in Yamuna Nagar, Haryana.

    The water of the river is very shallow – only six feet deep. Locals say that there is a continuous stream running underground as they have found water at 200 feet 1 km from Mugalwali.

    Source.

    http://strangesounds.org/2015/05/like-a-miracle-the-mythical-saraswati-river-revives-after-4000-years-in-india.html

  • What Did Vedic People Eat ? Indus Sarasvati Harappa Food

    I have noticed that despite the multitude of Languages,Dialects and terrain, the food habits of the people of India , especially of the Brahmin Community seems to be uniform.

    I have made the observation on Brahmins because I am familiar with it.

    During my professional Life, I have covered India extensively and had partaken food with the local people in Kashmir,Punjab,Bengal,Odisha, Gujarat, MP, UP , not to mention the southern states.

    Copper plate from Harappa site.jpg Plate with vertical sides. Copper and bronze plates were probably used exclusively by wealthy upper class city dwellers. Discovered in 1938.

    What struck me was the essential food habits are the same, right from offering water first to the householder eating later.

    Major difference is that in the Northern States Wheat is consumed in place of Rice.

    (Rice is consumed more in the Southern States of Kerala, Tamil Nadu,Karnataka, Andhra,and in th East Bengal and Odisha.)

    Yet for Religious ceremonies Rice is being used and the vegetables that are used all over the country for important ceremonies like Sraddha remain the same.

    Sanatana Dharma, being the unifying factor, I looked into what our ancestors of Sanatana Dharma Hinduism ate.

    Here it is.

    ‘

    The Harappans grew lentils and other pulses (peas, chickpeas, green gram, black gram). Their main staples were wheat and barley, which were presumably made into bread and perhaps also cooked with water as a gruel or porridge. In some places, particularly Gujarat, they also cultivated some native millets; possibly broomcorn millet, which may have been introduced from southern Central Asia; and by 2000 BC, if not before, African millets. They fed local wild rice to their animals and probably began to cultivate it, though rice does not become an important crop until Post-Harappan times. The Harappans must have eaten a range of fruit, vegetables and spices : these included a variety of brassica, brown mustard greens, coriander, dates, jujube, walnuts, grapes, figs; many others, such as mango, okra, caper, sugarcane, garlic, turmeric, ginger, cumin and cinnamon, were locally available and probably grown or gathered by the Harappans, but the evidence is lacking. Sesame was grown for oil, and linseed oil may also have been used.

    Meat came mainly from cattle, but the Harappans also kept chickens, buffaloes and some sheep and goats, and hunted a wide range of wildfowl and wild animals such as deer, antelopes and wild boar. They also ate fish and shellfish from the rivers, lakes and the sea; as well as being eaten fresh, many fish were dried or salted – many bones from marine fish such as jack and catfish were found at Harappa, far inland.

    Harappan houses had a kitchen opening from the courtyard, with a hearth or brick-built fireplace. Pottery vessels in a range of sizes were used for cooking; in wealthy households metal vessels were also used.

    Few certain agricultural tools have been found. Flint blades were probably used for harvesting. A ploughed field at Early Harappan Kalibangan shows that the plough was in use by the early 3rd millennium BC; its criss-cross furrows allowed two crops to be raised in the same field, a practice that has continued into modern times.

    Richard Meadow
    We have a good deal of evidence for Harappan subsistence. Staple crops varying by region and time period included wheat, barley, millets, rice, and pulses.

    Food in Indus Valley civilization has been predominantly agrarian in which excavations reveal that the Indus valley people were habituated in consuming Barley which was one of the major cereals of the community. While specimens of Barley have been found in the ruins of Mohenjodaro, it has not been proved whether they used to consume rice or not. However the use of rice must have been known to them. Along with Barley the civilisation also cultivated peas and sesamum along with spices of brassica which is very similar to modern day Rai. While these have been major crops of the Indus Valley civilization, the civilisation also reared buffaloes, goat and sheep which prove that milk was major food article for these people. Along with the vegetarian food items the people of Indus valley civilization also consumed meat that was evident from the fact that meat was included in the offerings made for the dead. With the excavation of number of artefacts like sling balls of clay, copper fish hooks, the arrow heads, the flying knives etc strongly prove that these were required to kill and rear animals and birds which were dressed with these instruments and included in their food items after cooking. Their food items as such included beef, mutton, pork and poultry products, the flesh of Gharial or crocodile, turtle and tortoise, flesh of fresh local fishes from nearby rivers and dried fish from sea coasts. The bones and shells in hard form has been found in and around the houses of the Indus valley civilization.

    References, Citations.

    http://a.harappa.com/content/what-kinds-things-did-indus-people-eat

    http://www.indianetzone.com/52/food_indus_valley_civilization.htm

    Fuller, D. (2002) Fifty Years of Archaeobotanical Studies in India: Laying a Solid Foundation in S. Settar and R. Korisettar (eds.) Indian Archaeology in Retrospect, Volume III. Archaeology and Interactive Disciplines, Publications of the Indian Council for Historical Research. New Dehli: Manohar: Pp. 247-364.

    Fuller, D. (2003) African crops in prehistoric South Asia: a critical review in K. Neumann, A. Butler and S. Kahlheber (eds.) Food, Fuel and Fields. Progress in Africa Archaeobotany, Africa Praehistorica 15. Colonge: Heinrich-Barth-Institut: Pp. 239-271

    Fuller, D. (2003) Indus and Non-Indus Agricultural Traditions: Local Developments and Crop Adoptions on the Indian Peninsula, in S. Weber and W. Belcher (eds.) Indus Ethnobiology: New Perspectives from the Field. Lexington Books, Lanham, Maryland: Chapter 10.

    Fuller, D. Q (2005). “Ceramics, seeds and culinary change in prehistoric India.” Antiquity 79 (306): 761-777.

    Fuller, D. Q and E. L. Harvey (2006). “The Archaeobotany of Indian Pulses: identification, processing and evidence for cultivation.” Environmental Archaeology 11(2): 219-246.

    Fuller, D. Q (2006). “Agricultural Origins and Frontiers in South Asia: A Working Synthesis.” Journal of World Prehistory 20: 1-86

    For animals, the domesticates humped cattle, sheep, goat, and perhaps water buffalo were of principle importance for both primary (after death) and secondary (before death) products. See:

    Meadow, R.H. and A.K. Patel (2003) Prehistoric pastoralism in northwestern South Asia from the Neolithic through the Harappan Period. In S. Weber and W. Belcher, eds., Indus Ethnobiology: New Perspectives from the Field. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books (Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group), pp. 65-93.

    Both wild animal and wild plant resources continued to be important including fish, molluscs, hunted animals, and various wild plants for fodder, food, and medicines. Linen, cotton, and wool were important resources for textile manufacture, and silk was also used., coming from wild silk moths. For the last, see:

    Good, Irene, J.M Kenoyer and R.H. Meadow (2009) “New evidence for early silk in the Indus Civilization.” Archaeometry 51: 457-466.

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  • List Of Hindu Empires Vedic Period To 1200AD

    I have lamented the fact that despite evidence mounting up about the antiquity of Indian History.

    There is abundant evidence that Indian History dates back to more than 50,000 years by a conservative estimate.

    Please check my Posts.

    Still we cling to 5000 BC as the bench mark,the date assigned to the Rig veda.

    The Riwatian People of India date back to 1,900,000 BC!

    Many skim the eastern part of India when studying Indian History,especially that of Bengal.

    Surprise in store.

    Ancient India Timeline chart.jpg Ancient India Timeline chart.

    I shall be writing on this in my effort to find out the antiquity of Indian culture.

    Here is a List of Empires of India from Vedic Times.

    I shall be writing in detail on each.

    Citation.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Bengal#Etymology
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