This is the first ever Video of The Moon orbiting the Earth, taken by Juno.
On October 9th, the Juno spacecraft had a rare opportunity. Traveling about twice as fast as a typical satellite, it had a unique view of the Earth-moon system. The result was an intriguing, low-resolution glimpse of what our world would look like to a visitor from afar.
Source:
http://digg.com/video/this-is-the-first-video-in-history-to-capture-the-moon-orbiting-the-earth
Hindus had a highly calibrated measuring system along with other units of measurement.
They also developed Astronomy and Astrophysics , without a Telescope and were/are able to predict Solar and lunar Eclipses to .1 degree of accuracy.
Hindus have a yearly Manual listing the phases of the moon, time when the Planets will rise and set on every day, the dates on which the Sun/Moon will be in a particular Zodiac sign.
The Hindus have named the twelve months after the presence of the Moon in a specific constellation.
Apart from this, based on these astronomical calculations they also predict the yearly rainfall.
I am not sure whether some one has checked these Rainfall Data predicted with the actual Rainfall in a Year.
Would some one do some research on this?
A point to be noted is the area they speak about for rainfall covers the landmass of Bharata Varsha, which extends from the Northern limits of USSR in the North, up to Antarctic in the south , to US in the West and to the pacific board in the East (India as we know is taken as reference here).
The estimated rainfall for the period April 2013-March 31, 2014.
Size of the Clouds.
Height 500 to 800 miles, this might mean that the water vapour Size.( 100 Yojanas, one Yojana is 5 to eight miles;eight miles seems to be accepted conversion rate)
The Volume of rain is 64 liters( One Marakkal is 8 Padi one Padi is two liters appx) or 1953 Cubic inches).
Of this, 950 Cubic inches on the sea,570 on the mountains balance on Landmass.
This post is based on the predictions of Pambupanchanga.
Read also http://ramanisblog.in/2013/11/10/hinduism-and-mathematics-calculationsmeasures/
http://www.convertunits.com/from/liter/to/cubic+inch
The date of Mahabharata is often debated.
However it may be noted that it has been accepted as a Fact of History and not a legend.
People who deny that the Mahabharata is History and based on facts are those who deny because they find the impossibility of some of the feats and Physiognomy of the characters in the Epic .
I will posting on this.
Now based on the internal evidence which abounds in The Mahabharata and external references to the Mahabharata fix the date somewhere between
3129 BCJ and 2559 BCJ.
This wide gap between the Dates is due to our present of Time,
Please read my posts on Time filed under Time,Astrophysics( Read my posts on Ravana’s date,Ram’s Date,Places traveled by Lord Rama)
Evidence for this conclusion.
1.External Evidence based on references to Mahabharata by other Works.
“Aryabhata, is a famous early astronomer with contributions to science, whose estimate of p, and the time of moon revolution around the earth are so accurate, that his works are being extensively researched. Aryabhata(476-550 AD) stated that Kaliyuga started 3600 years before, when he was 23 years old, making the start as 3102 BC [Aryabhateeya ref-1]). It would date Mahabharata war to around circa 3130-3140 BCJ.
Surya Siddhanta [Ref 2], a document evolved from roughly same period, states that sun was 54 degrees away from vernal equinox when Kaliyuga started on a new moon day, corresponding to February 17/18, 3102 BCJ, at Ujjain (75deg47minE 23deg 15min N).
Varaha Mihira (circa 560 AD), another famous astronomer, stated that 2526 years before start of Saka count (either Shalivahana saka starting in 79 AD orVikrama Saka starting in 57 BC) [Brihat Samhita Ref-3].
When Saptarishis (ursa major) was near Magha Yudhistira was king 2526 years before Sakatime
Presently, traditional Sanatana Dharma followers consider that Kaliyuga started at 3102 BCJ, when Sri Krishna passed away, and that Mahabharata war occurred in 3138 BCJ. Millennium year 2000 AD is Kali 5102.”
Internal Evidence in The Mahabharata.
The Bhishma Parva and Udyoga Parva(specific chapters of Mahabharata) provide considerable astronomical/astrological descriptions and omens as the Mahabharatawar was approaching. It describes a period of draught, with many planetary positions. Then there is this clear reference to pair of eclipses occurring on 13th day as shown below.
Fourteenth day, Fifteenth day and in past sixteenth day, but I have never known the Amavasya(New Moon day) to occur on the thirteenth day. Lunar eclipse followed by solar eclipse on thirteenth day is in a single lunar month etc…
This reference to Thirteen day eclipse pair appears to be a unique astronomical observation.
Mahabharata text also refers to retrograde motions of planets prior to war and provides their location with reference to 27/28 Vedic star locations. Mahabharata Drona Parva also refers toJayadhratha’s killing during a dark episode on 13th day of the war, which some consider as another short solar eclipse.
This document is basically concerned with analysis of all eclipses visible at Kurukshethra(Location where Mahabharata war took place, north of New Delhi, Longitude 76 deg 49 min East, Latitude 29 deg 59 Min North) from 3300 BC to about Buddha-Mahavira-Parshvanaathatime of about 700BC. Analysis of the time between successive eclipses, specifically time between end of one and beginning of other has been made, with a view to look at astronomical feasibility of back-to-back eclipses in 13 days, using modern astronomical computer software.
Another major issue of how did observers of the period define and determine period between eclipses when no clocks existed, has been addressed.
Eclipses
Lunar eclipse occurs when Earth’s shadow falls on the Moon. There are about 150 lunar eclipses per century. Lunar eclipses can occur only at full moon, and can be either total or partial. Further they can be umbral and or penumbral. Total lunar eclipses can last up to 2 hours, while partial lunar eclipses can last up to 4 hours. Any observer on dark face of earth can see when lunar eclipse when it occurs. During period 3500BC to 700 BC, nearly 4350 lunar eclipses have probably occurred. A good fraction of these would have been visible inKurukshethra [ref-6].
Solar Eclipse occurs when Moon’s shadow falls on earth observer. About 240 solar eclipses occur every century. During period 3500BC to 700 BC, nearly 6960 Solar Eclipses have occurred. Solar can occur only at new moon. Solar eclipses may be total or annular. Total solar eclipses can last up to about 8 minutes, and partial solar eclipses can last up to 115minutes. The shadow of moon has a limited size of few thousand miles falling on nearly 8000-mile diameter earth. Hence, solar eclipses can be seen only in a limited range of longitude-latitude where the shadow falls. Elsewhere, even though sun is visible, eclipse will not be seen.
Eclipse evaluating computational software and its validation in present context
Astronomical calculations have been greatly improved since past 30 years, particularly with considerable amount of trajectory work conducted in Moon and other scientific projects. High accuracy computer models and software have been developed. These are validated against databases from US Naval Observatory‘s Interactive computer Ephemeris, and Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California. One such code is LodeStar Pro copy righted by Wayne C Annala in 1994 [Ref- 7]. The Lodestar Pro was checked for historical eclipses of 1000-2500 BC from clay tablet records of Mesopotamia area presently available with British Museum. Wayne Mitchell has analyzed this data [Ref-8]. Lodestar Pro provided excellent match with ref-8.
Eclipses at Kurukshethra
During the period of our interest, 3500BC to 700 BC, nearly 4350 Lunar Eclipses and 6960 solar eclipses have occurred on earth. Of these nearly 673 solar and lunar eclipses occurred in pairs of time gap of about nominal 15 days corresponding to roughly half lunar month. We need to search amongst these 673 for eclipse pairs visible in Kurukshethra, which occurred in ‘Thirteen’ days.
A very detailed scan of all the visible lunar and solar eclipses for every year from 3300BC to 700 BC was made on the Lodestar software for Kurukshethra location. These are tabulated and plotted. Maximum eclipse time gap (end of one eclipse and beginning of next eclipse for naked eye observers) was found to be about 379 hours while the minimum was about 332 hours. A plot of time gap between back-to-back eclipses versus eclipse pair number is shown below. (This time corresponds to maximum to maximum – not end of one to beginning of next as in the future table).
It is easy for us, in present time, to precisely analyze the eclipse times based on a 24 hour per day time clock. However many thousand years ago, such a time evaluation would clearly be irrelevant. Hence the count of the day and time had to be based on clear, natural and unambiguous events such as sunset to sunset or sunrise to sun rise. Hence in all the analyses, presented below, the time of relevant sun rise or sun set is indicated such that the eclipse beginning and end can be evaluated with reference to the sun rise or sun set. In modern day definition, the period from sunrise to next sunrise is never 24 hours except on equinox day. On all other days, the time will be either less than 24 hours (when day light time is shrinking) and more than 24 hours (when day light time is increasing). For people of ancient times, sunset-to-sunset or sunrise-to-sunrise would be the logical definition of a day. Using this definition, it is possible to determine whether an eclipse pair occurred in ‘Thirteen days’.
Kurukshethra eclipses and some planetary retrograde motions
The table below shows six pairs of eclipses, which can be analyzed further to determine whether Mahabharata war and events could occur then.
Six eclipse pairs visible at Kurukshethra occurring in less than or near 14 days
Events in red not visible due to sun rise (Lunar) or sun set (Solar)
Year BC Eclipse Julian day Initial con Max End Sunrise Sunset end/start date.
Follow the Link for The Table.
After serious analysis of all the eclipses, six eclipse pairs from 3129 BCJ, 2599 BCJ, 2056 BCJ, 1853 BCJ, 1708 BCJ and 1397 BCJ clearly are the best candidates for Mahabharata war year from ‘thirteen day’ eclipse pairs view point. There are others that have low obscurity for solar eclipse, or have dominant penumbral lunar eclipse content and hence do not constitute strong candidates for the Mahabharata war.
One typical eclipse pair of the six is illustrated using Lodestar Pro views of the relevant sunset/sunrise periods. The light/day transition is clearly shown in all the eclipse, which would form the only method of determining that the eclipses occurred in less than fourteen days, which has to be called thirteen-day eclipses. Planets Sani (Saturn) and Brihaspati (Jupiter),Shukra (Venus) in retrograde motion are illustrated for period around the eclipse pairs.
Other Researches place the date at There are astrological, natural, geographical, physical, inscriptional and scriptural evidences that unquestionably establish the date of Mahabharat war as 3139 BC and the beginning of kaliyug as 3102 BC.
http://www.thevedicfoundation.org/bhartiya_history/mahabharat.htm
http://www.boloji.com/index.cfm?md=Content&sd=Articles&ArticleID=1052
Sources.
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The dynasty of Surya Vansh of Kaushal (Ayodhya) ends with Sumitra (Bhagwatam 9/12/16); the dynasty of Chandra Vansh of Hastinapur ends with Chemak (Bhagwatam 9/22/44, 45); and the dynasties of the kingdom of Magadh flourished up to the Gupt dynasty (80’s BC).The kingdom of Hastinapur, after Chemak, was constantly ruled by the people who took over the throne. An ancient book describing the date-wise chronology of all the kings of Hastinapur (Indraprasth or Delhi) from Yudhishthir up to Vikramaditya was found by the proprietors of the fortnightly magazine of Nathdwara (Rajasthan) called “Harishchandra Chandrika and Mohan Chandrika” in about 1872 AD. The proprietor of the magazine printed the entire description in two of its issues (called kiran) 19 and 20 of 1882. |
Pitru, in Sanskrit means Father.
The root of this word is ‘Pitrr”,meaning .ancestors’
Pitru -Father.
Pithamaha-Paternal Grand father Prapitamaha–Paternal Great Grand father.
The Obsequies are performed by one on every New Moon, the start of a month,Eclipses, the day of the shifting of the Sun of Cancer to Capricorn and from Capricorn to Cancer(Dakshinayana and Uttharayana), Solar and Lunar Eclipses , on the day the Grand Sire Bhishma left his mortal frame(Ratha Sapthami)
The Sastras say that the Tharpana is to be performed daily along with Sandhyavanadana, ,Brahma Yagyam and Aupaasanam.
These are performed with water,a variety of Grass (Kusa,Dharpai) and எள் ‘Sesamum Indicum’ .
One’s gratitude is expressed to the ancestors, for we are nor here without them .
Those to whom (mainly) the Tharpana is offered are
Father Paternal/Maternal Grandfather,Grandmother. Paternal/Maternal Grandfather,Grandmother.
And to Those who are closely related like brothers and at the end of this ceremony this gratitude is expressed to those who have died without children to perform these rites and all those whose names and lineage we do not know.-that is to every one departed.
Meaning.
Sankalpa(Right Resolve)
“Mammopatha Samastha Dhurithakashayadwara Sri Parameswara Preethyartham – Thatheva Lagnam Sudinam Thatheva, Tharabalam Chandrabalam Thatheva, Vidyabalam Daivabalam Thatheva, sri Lakshmipathe Agriyugam Smarami – Apavithrova Sarva Vastham Gathopiva – Yasmareth Pundareekaksham – Sabahya Abhyanthara Suchihi, Maanasam Vaachikam Paapam – Karmanaam Samuparjitham – Sri Rama Smaranenaiva Vyapohathi Na – Shamsayaha – Sri Rama, Rama Rama- Thithir Vishnu – Thatha Vara Nakshatram Vishnurevacha Yogascha Karanam Chaiva Sarvam Vishnu Mayam Jagath, Sri Govinda, Govinda, Govinda”
For the quick dissipation of my problems, in the Name of,
Lord Parameswara(this refers to the Universal Principle, though literally taken as to mean Lord Siva,-Parama Iswara, Personal God of All,And to His satisfaction,
On the The Auspicious Lagna,Day.
The Blessings of Lord Chandra and Thara( wife of Chandra),(be showered on Me)
The Good Effects of Knowledge and the Blessings of the Deities( May be Showered on Me),
May I Pray Sri Vishnu with His Consort Goddess Lakshmi,
Even the Mind, Thoughts, Words are not clean are cleansed of these by thinking constantly of Lord Vishnu and by the chanting of the name of Lord Rama,
The Day and the waxing and waning of the Moon,the Stars,Yoga and Karnas are the manifestations of Vishnu, there is no doubt about this,
Hey,Govinda, Govinda,Govinda,Govinda,”
அசுத்தமாக வாயினும் ,சுத்தமான வாயினும் எந்த நிலையிலிருந்தாலும்
தாமரைக் கண்ணனை நினைக்கின்றானோ அவன் உள்ளும் புறமும் சுத்தமானவனே .
மனதாலோ வாக்காலோ செயலாலோ வந்தடைந்த பாவம்
ஸ்ரீ ராம ச்மரணையின் மூலம் கழிந்து போம் .இதில் சந்தேகமில்லை
ஸ்ரீ ராம ராம ,
திதியும் வாரமும் நக்ஷத்ரமும் யோகமும் கரணமும் விஷ்ணுவே
உலகனைத்தும் விஷ்ணுவே.
ஸ்ரீ கோவிந்த கோவிந்த கோவிந்த
To be continued
Related:
The Child’s Brothers and Sisters.
For those who are born to other Wives of their father.
Brothers’ Wives.
Father, Paternal,Grand Father,Paternal Uncles,
Paternal Uncle’s sons.
Paternal Grand Father’s Brothers.
Paternal Grand Father’s First Cousins( from his Father’s side) and wives of these
All these are to observe ten Days of Uncleanness.
From The Child’s Mother’s side- Three days Uncleanness.
For The Child’s-
http://ramanisblog.in/2013/02/14/birth-cleansing-rites-hinduism/
NASA has sent the famous ‘Mona Lisa‘ painting to Moon by laser.
That’s some innovative thinking!
Story:
NASA Beams Mona Lisa to Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter at the Moon.
As part of the first demonstration of laser communication with a satellite at the moon, scientists with NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) beamed an image of the Mona Lisa to the spacecraft from Earth.
The iconic image traveled nearly 240,000 miles in digital form from the Next Generation Satellite Laser Ranging (NGSLR) station at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md., to the Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter (LOLA) instrument on the spacecraft. By transmitting the image piggyback on laser pulses that are routinely sent to track LOLA’s position, the team achieved simultaneous laser communication and tracking.
“This is the first time anyone has achieved one-way laser communication at planetary distances,” says LOLA’s principal investigator, David Smith of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. “In the near future, this type of simple laser communication might serve as a backup for the radio communication that satellites use. In the more distant future, it may allow communication at higher data rates than present radio links can provide.”
Typically, satellites that go beyond Earth orbit use radio waves for tracking and communication. LRO is the only satellite in orbit around a body other than Earth to be tracked by laser as well.
“Because LRO is already set up to receive laser signals through the LOLA instrument, we had a unique opportunity to demonstrate one-way laser communication with a distant satellite,” says Xiaoli Sun, a LOLA scientist at NASA Goddard and lead author of the Optics Express paper, posted online today, that describes the work.
Precise timing was the key to transmitting the image. Sun and colleagues divided the Mona Lisa image into an array of 152 pixels by 200 pixels. Every pixel was converted into a shade of gray, represented by a number between zero and 4,095. Each pixel was transmitted by a laser pulse, with the pulse being fired in one of 4,096 possible time slots during a brief time window allotted for laser tracking. The complete image was transmitted at a data rate of about 300 bits per second.
The laser pulses were received by LRO’s LOLA instrument, which reconstructed the image based on the arrival times of the laser pulses from Earth. This was accomplished without interfering with LOLA’s primary task of mapping the moon’s elevation and terrain and NGSLR’s primary task of tracking LRO.
The success of the laser transmission was verified by returning the image to Earth using the spacecraft’s radio telemetry system.
Turbulence in Earth’s atmosphere introduced transmission errors even when the sky was clear. To overcome these effects, Sun and colleagues employed Reed-Solomon coding, which is the same type of error-correction code commonly used in CDs and DVDs. The experiments also provided statistics on the signal fluctuations due to Earth’s atmosphere.
http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LRO/news/mona-lisa.html
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