He is one of the Saptha Rishis, Seven Sages of Hinduism
The Rishis determine the Sruthi to be followed.
They change for each Manvantara.
The Rishi are seers who know, and by their knowledge are the makers of shastra and “see” all mantras. The word comes from the root rish Rishati-prapnoti sarvvang mantrang jnanena pashyati sangsaraparangva,etc. The seven great Rishi or saptarshi of the first manvantara are Marichi, Atri, Angiras, Pulaha, Kratu, Pulastya, and Vashishtha. In other manvantara there are other sapta-rshi. In the present manvantara the seven are Kashyapa Atri, Vashishtha, Vishvamitra, Gautama, Jamadagni, Bharadvaja. To the Rishi the Vedas were revealed. Vyasa taught the Rigveda so revealed to Paila, the Yajurveda to Vaishampayana, the Samaveda to Jaimini, Atharvaveda to Samantu, and Itihasa and Purana to Suta. The three chief classes of Rishi are the Brah-marshi,born of the mind of Brahma, theDevarshi of lower rank, and Rajarshi or Kings who became Rishis through their knowledge and austerities, such as Janaka, Ritaparna, etc. Thc Shrutarshi are makers of Shastras, as Sushruta. The Kandarshiare of the Karmakanda, such as Jaimini.
For the present Manvantara,Vaivasvatha Manvatara,Kashyapa is one of the Saptha Rishis.
He s the son-in-law of Daksha Prajapati, the progenitor of Mankind.
Kashyapa is mentioned in all the Hindu Puranas,Sikhism.
He was married to Danu, daughter of Daksha, who was the mother of the Danavas.
On Rishis please read my Post.
The Celts worship Dandu and call themselves as the People/Tribes of Danu.
This is a view from orbit of the Caspian Sea as imaged by the MODIS sensor on the Terra satellite. Caption: The original caption from NASA: ::”The northern part of the Caspian Sea is plagued by a process called eutrophication, in which agricultural run-off rich in fertilizers stimulates rampant growth of algae in the water. The death and decay of these algae robs the water of oxygen, with obvious negative consequences for aquatic life. This image of the Caspian Sea shows swirls of green and blue near the mouth of the Volga River (top center), which indicate the presence of algae. The bright blue color of the northeastern part of the sea may be due to a mixture of plant life and sediment, for this is where the sea is most shallow. This image is from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on the Terra satellite on June 11, 2003. “Caspian Sea from orbit” by Jeff Schmaltz, MODIS Rapid Response Team, NASA/GSFC – http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view_rec.php?id=5514Transferred from English Wikipedia, original upload 2 November 2004 by Kbh3rd. Licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons – http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Caspian_Sea_from_orbit.jpg#mediaviewer/File:Caspian_Sea_from_orbit.jpg
Please read my post on this.
Kashyapa is mentioned predominantly in the north and northwest of India.
Kashmir, India is named after Kashmir,
Kashmir has a huge lake Satisara.
Sara means lake or a mountain.
I take the view that this refers to Mountain range as Shiva’s wife Sat was born here.
Some legends in Kashmir state that the large lake was called Kasyapa Sira.
Kashyapa Sira came to be known as Kashmir.
Mira in Sanskrit means lake,
Note the word Mariner.
It is from the word Mira, to denote Navigator.
Caspian Sea.
The word Caspian is derived from the name of the Caspi (Persian کاسی), an ancient people that lived to the west of the sea in Transcaucasia.[6] Strabo wrote that “to the country of the Albanians belongs also the territory called Caspiane, which was named after the Caspian tribe(Kaswan, Kashyap Jat clans), as was also the sea; but the tribe has now disappeared”.[7] Moreover, the Caspian Gate, which is the name of a region in Tehran province of Iran, is another possible piece of evidence that they migrated to the south of the sea.
The root of the word Caspian can also be traced to Sanskrit.
In Hinduism, Caspian Sea was called the Kashyapa Sagar.
The Caspian Sea is named after a tribe from the province of Gilan (or Guilan) in Iran. Caspi and Amardi (who lived in the Sepid Rud valley) were the main two tribes during the Achaemenid dynasty era. The Achaemenids ruled around the 5th Century BC.
The sage Kashyap was regarded as the founder of Kashmir. At the time he lived in the area, it is believed that most of the land was submerged under water, and the water body was called Kashyap Sar.
‘According to the Nilmat Purana, the land of Kashmir was occupied by a vast lake called “Satisara”. On the basis of this fact, the word “Kashmir” is derived from Sanskrit “Kashyapa + Mira” which means the sea lake or the mountain of sage Kashyapa. Kashyapa was the originator of Kashmir.'(Yahoo Answers)
Valley of kashmir was occupied by two tribes Pisachas and Nagas.
The Kashmir valley was a vast lake called Satisaras, named after Sati or Parvati the consort of Shiva.
The lake was inhabited by the demon Jalodbhav.
‘Kashmir Region was inhabited by two tribes — the Nagas and thePisachas.
The lake was drained off by leader of the Nagas called Ananta (Anantnag region of Kashmir is named after him) to capture and kill the demon. Ananta later names the valley as Kashapa-mira after his father Kashapa.-Nilamat Purana
Prajapati Kashapa killed Jalodbhava with the help of Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva.
The lake was then drained and comes to be known as Kash-mira after the Rishi Kashayapa’-Rajatharangini by Kalhana.
It may be note that the Iran’s tribes descended from the Hindus and some of them mover to the Caspian .
As the propaganda blitz is on the History of India is being scrutinized, apologists for the West and the Nehru family are on the over drive attacking the attempt to restore Indian History, which hitherto been dubbed as mythology deliberately by the west, I am posting some authentic information on the devious attempts of the Wt and on the myth of Nehru family as paragons of virtue and dedicated patriots of India. though my post is essentially share Indian thoughts on Philosophy,Religion,Science and Unique Hindu Temples.
While it is important to debunk the false ancient history of Indian foisted upon Indians by the west, I feel it is equally important that one exposes the devious misinformation about India’s past by Indians themselves who were Nehruvities.
Mountbatten,Nehru and Edwina.
One of the great Myths about Nehru is that he was sensitive to human sufferings, India’s welfare was close to his heart.
So much so, his Birthday is being celebrated as Children’s’ Day in India.
More to follow on the Mysterious death of Shyam Prasad Mukherjee, Nethaji Subhas Chandra Bose and how the latter was fingered by Nehru to the British.
also about Nehru offspring in Bangalore Convent.
Nehru refused permanent Seat in the UN.
”
But the new UN was non-democratic, giving permanent membership with veto power in the Security Council to the US, Britain, France, the USSR, and Republic of China (represented then by Chiang Kai-shek regime) — the allies victors in the war.
The negotiations leading to the UN Charter were replete with unsavoury incidents of arm-twisting and coercive diplomacy, including spying on delegations participating at the conferences during this period. The allies soon fell out, and the Cold War period saw the US and USSR exploit their veto power to the hilt, vetoing membership of states and in other disputes involving peace and security.
Ironically, around 1955, Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru was offered the disputed Chinese Permanent Security Council seat by the US to keep out the People’s Republic of China, and he also was sounded out by the USSR Prime Minister, Nikolai Bulganin, to allow China to take this seat while giving India a sixth permanent seat in the Security Council. Nehru rejected this offer in deference to China. History may have been different if this offer had been subjected to serious negotiations. Now, 54 years later, we are struggling for this seat.”
Nehru Edwina Mountain Honeymoon in Shimla at the time of Noakali Massacre.
“The Great calcutta Killings 1946 , Noakhali & Trippeli masscare– those days Nehru was spending his honeymoon with Edwina in shimla. “
Adi Shankaracharya ascended the Sarvagna Peetha, Seat of Learning of Throne of Wisdom’
Ramanujacharya visited and contemplated before embarking upon his commentary on Brahma Sutra,
‘The temple is so ancient that Kashmir State was earlier known as ‘Sharada Peeth’. It is at this temple that Sankaracharya received the right to sit on
the Sarvanjnanapeetham orSarvajna peetha(Throne of Wisdom).
The temple is at a height of 11000 feet above the sea level and is about 70 miles from Shrinagar.
The length of the temple is 142 feet and width is 94.6 feet. The outer walls of the temple are 6 ft. wide and 11 ft long.
And there are arches with 8 ft. height. It is a very good example of architecture.
The Śāradā image atShringeri Sharadamba temple was once said to have been made of sandalwood, which is supposed to have been taken by
the Shankaracharya from here.”
*Kashmiri Pandits from India regularly try to visit this temple to offer prayers, but there are instances where they were not permitted to cross the LOC and visit the temple.
Yet some of the best photographs of this place is by Pakistani Muslims.
Location of the Temple.
The temple is located in the remote village of Sharda, in Pakistan’ Neelam Valley, at a distance of 60 miles from Baramulla in Indian-administered Kashmir, and 40 miles from Muzaffarabad, capital of Azad Kashmir. It lies 16 miles to the northwest of the Line of Control in a militarily sensitive area.
Sharada Peeth (Sarvajnapeetha) temple ruins, in Azad Kashmir.
Given its close proximity to the contentious Line of Control, access to the site by foreigners is sometimes restricted during periods of heightened tension with India.
In 2007, a group of Kashmiri Pandits who were permitted to visit Azad Kashmir were denied permission visit the temple.
Citizens of Pakistan, including its Hindu population, do not face any official restriction in visiting the site. Visitors from India are generally refused access to the region, given its close proximity to the Line of Control, though foreigners from other countries do not face similar restrictions – although they may be denied entry during periods of heightened tensions with India.
I am providing the thread of discussions found in the site.
”
jiju
27-May-2013 17:18
aacharya shankara was born in kerala (southern part of India) Kashmir is in northern part of India…this temple teach us the unity of our country in the ancient age..but now…we are divided..let us rebuild this oldest university and also our unity…
SURESH PANDITA
22-Mar-2013 06:42
WE THE KASHMIRI PANDITS USE TO VISIT NEELUM VALLEY AND PAY THE OBEISANCE TO MATA SHARDA FROM THE IMMORAL TIMES . MATA SHARDA IS THE SUPREME SEAT OF LEARNING AND KNOWLEDGE. AT JAMMU J&K INDIA WE HAVE CREATED REPLICA OF MATA SHARDA SHRINE MANAGED BY THE SHARDA MATA TRUST . WE HAD REQUEST GOVT . TO ALLOW US TO VISIT SHARDA TO PAY OBEISANCE .
KINDLY SEND ME MORE PICS SO OF SHARDA SHRINE .
Asif Razzaq(Grace)islamabad
11-Jul-2012 20:34
Salam to all,I m Asif Razaq live in islamabad but belong to azad kashmir,I want tel u some think about azad kashmir,if u want go there then best time to visit May to September,in azad kashmir many beautifull places,Nelem vally,sharda,kail,Halmat,tio butt,Grace,Rati Gali,Banjosa,Haji peer,Ali abad,Kaler,Sodan Gali,Lepa vally,Jhelum Vally,and many beautifull and nice places,but before going u must need information about these places,u need information,about Road,Hotels,Waither,And convence,if u want need guide line u cal me i will tel u about azad kashmir,cuz i see 90% azad kashmir and i know v well about azad kashmir,i want ur trip will be good and u must remember ur this trip,if u want see all nelem valy then u need 5 to 6 days,in nelem valy best places,tio butt,halmat,Kail,sharda,Davarehaa,karan,is best places to vissit in nelem vally,but in all places r hotels r cheep but some places gust house r good but in muzfarabad u go to forest office then u boked rrom already,cuz in 4,to 5 months many people go there then 90% hotels have no room.if u have ur own car then u go to sharda,not more cuz in sharda road is good but after sharda road is v bad and if u want go to halmat or tio but then u nopt use car cuz in places u need jeep,in these places u not go with car,u need 4×4,cuz road condeshan is v bad,and dangress,in azad kashmir best place to visit *Rati Gali.* in rati gali 6 beautifull lake,but if u want go there then u go on road and walking cuz no convence to rati gali lake,u must travel 8 to 10 hours then u will reach in lake,and u go there in after 15 jully to 28th aguest cuz in this time u see lake before 15 july if u go there then lake r complete freez and u need tent and food with u,cuz in rati gali no hotels no gust house,and in rati gali lots of cold u must need jecket and sweeter,i hope u under stand ,if u want more information u cal me i will more guide u,Take care God bless u,my mobile number,0333,5507160
abdullah khawaja seri kalas
11-Jul-2012 17:56
welldone brother
Adi guru Shankaracharya paid a visit to Sharada Nilaya in Kashmir known as Sarvajna Peetha (the seat of the all knowing).
Those who are not all-knowing are not entitled to sit on it; no one could claim to be an expert in any religion or philosophy without sitting on it. Shankara did not wish to show himself off as Sarvajna.
He felt that Sri Sharada Nilaya with Sarvajna Peetha was by itself a place worthy of visit by all devotees. Besides, Kashmir is the crown of Bharat. So he resolved to go there, lest the ancient Hindu religion should perish there.
There are four gates in four directions for entering Sharada Nilaya.
Eminent scholars and philosophers had entered it from various directions and had established their scholarly merit But no one so far had adorned this chair of Sarvajna.
And also till their no one had even attempted to enter the temple through the Southern gate May be this gate was waiting for Acharya Shankara. only who was from the South! Scholars of many group and communities were waiting for him in ‘ the premises of Sir SharadaNilaya
All were filled with a feeling of reverence to see him who was learned in both Jnana and Vijnana Yet the scholars in religious philosophies of Jaina, Bouddha, Samkhya, Yoga, Nays and Vaisheshika confronted him at the time of his entry to the temple, Shankara defeated all of them in philosophical debate and then entered the temple through the Southern gate.
Acharya went to ascend Sarvajna Peetha. Sri Sharada, the presiding deity of all learning, herself set a test for him. Shankara passed this test also. After this the Goddess Herself blessed him, proclaiming his omniscience. So say the ‘Shankara Vijayas’.
Shiva Rock (Shankaropal), where the Shiva Sutras were revealed to the Sage Vasugupta.
Many of us are aware of Shaivas as only from the South, especially from Tamil Nadu, Shaiva Siddhanta and Lingayats of Karnataka.
The Shaiva Siddanta, though closely related to the Vedas and Advaita(this is a contentious issue), considers themselves to be independent of the Vedas.
The system of Philosophy is reported to have been revealed by Lord Shiva and in some references by Sage Agasthya, in the South, by Siddhs in the North, Kashmir.
It is intriguing to note that the reference to Shaivism and in the deep down south and the extreme north of India.
The Kashmiri Shaivism is reported to have been founded by Lord Shiva Himself.
The 77 sutras of Shiva were revealed to Vasugupta by Shiva.
One myth is that he received the aphorisms in a dream visitation of a Siddha or semi-divine being.
Another is that Lord Shiva came to him in a dream and instructed him to go to a certain rock on which he would find the teachings inscribed.
This rock called Shankaropala is still visited by devotees.
The other theory is that Lord Shiva taught the Siva-Sutras to Vasugupta in a dream.
Whatever the truth is these myths point to the traditions belief that the Shiva sutras are of divine origin or revelation and are not considered the product of the human mind.
Shiva Sutras also speaks on the mysticism of Sanskrit words.
Each verse consists of a group of basic Sanskrit phonemes (i.e. open syllables consisting either of initial vowels or of consonants followed by the basic vowel “a”) followed by a single ‘dummy letter’ or anubandha, conventionally rendered by capital letters in Roman transliteration.
This allows Pāṇini to refer to groups of phonemes with pratyāhāras, which consist of a phoneme-letter and an anubandha (and often the vowel a to aid pronunciation) and signify all of the intervening phonemes Pratyāhāras are thus single syllables, but they can be declined (see Aṣṭādhyāyī 6.1.77 below).
Hence aL refers to all phonemes (because it consists of the first phoneme a and the last anubandhaL); aC refers to vowels (i.e., all of the phonemes before the anubandhaC: a i u ṛ ḷ e o ai au); haL to consonants, and so on.
Note that some pratyāhāras are ambiguous. The anubandhaṆ occurs twice in the list, which means that you can assign two different meanings to pratyāhāraaṆ (including or excluding ṛ, etc.); in fact, both of these meanings are used in the Aṣṭādhyāyī. On the other hand, the pratyāhārahaL is always used in the meaning “all consonants”—Pāṇini never uses pratyāhāras to refer to sets consisting of a single phoneme.
From these 14 verses, a total of 281 pratyāhāras can be formed: 14*3 + 13*2 + 12*2 + 11*2 + 10*4 + 9*1 + 8*5 + 7*2 + 6*3 * 5*5 + 4*8 + 3*2 + 2*3 +1*1, minus 14 (as Pāṇini does not use single element pratyāhāras) minus 10 (as there are 10 duplicate sets due to h appearing twice); the second multiplier in each term represents the number of phonemes in each.
But Pāṇini uses only 41 (with a 42nd introduced by later grammarians, raṆ=r l) pratyāhāras in the Aṣṭādhyāyī.
Economy (Sanskrit: lāghava) is a major principle of their organization, and it is debated whether Pāṇini deliberately encoded phonological patterns in them (as they were treated in traditional phonetic texts calledPrātiśakyas) or simply grouped together phonemes which he needed to refer to in the Aṣṭādhyāyī and which only secondarily reflect phonological patterns (as argued by Paul Kiparsky and Wiebke Petersen, for example).
Pāṇini does not use the Shiva Sutras to refer to homorganic stops (stop consonants produced at the same place of articulation), but rather the anubandhaU: to refer to the palatalsc ch j jh he uses cU.
As an example, consider Aṣṭādhyāyī 6.1.77: iKo yaṆ aCi:
iK means i u ṛ ḷ,
iKo is iK in the genitive case, so it means ‘ in place of i u ṛ ḷ;
yaṆ means the semivowelsy v r l and is in the nominative, so iKo yaṆ means: y v r l replace i u ṛ ḷ.
aC means all vowels, as noted above
aCi is in the locative case, so it means before any vowel.
(ii) such other matters in the said Lists as, with the concurrence of the Government of the State, the President may by order specify.
Explanation: For the purpose of this article, the Government of the State means the person for the time being recognized by the President on the recommendation of the Legislative Assembly of the State as the Sadr-i-Riyasat (now Governor) of Jammu and Kashmir, acting on the advice of the Council of Ministers of the State for the time being in office.[1][a]
(c) the provisions of article 1 and of this article shall apply in relation to that State;
(d) such of the other provisions of this Constitution shall apply in relation to that State subject to such exceptions and modifications as the President may by order specify:
Provided that no such order which relates to the matters specified in the Instrument of Accession of the State referred to in paragraph (i) of sub-clause (b) shall be issued except in consultation with the Government of the State:
Provided further that no such order which relates to matters other than those referred to in the last preceding proviso shall be issued except with the concurrence of that Government.
(2) If the concurrence of the Government of the State referred to in paragraph (ii) of sub-clause (b) of clause (1) or in the second proviso to sub-clause (d) of that clause be given before the Constituent Assembly for the purpose of framing the Constitution of the State is convened, it shall be placed before such Assembly for such decision as it may take thereon.
(3) Notwithstanding anything in the foregoing provisions of this article, the President may, by public notification, declare that this article shall cease to be operative or shall be operative only with such exceptions and modifications and from such date as he may specify:
Provided that the recommendation of the Constituent Assembly of the State referred to in clause (2) shall be necessary before the President issues such a notification.[2]
”
Jawahar Lal Nehru The handsome Harrow educated aristocrat who gave up a life of luxury to join the freedom movement. Babu’s choose heir and darling of the masses, he had a fatal flaw. He cared for personalities rather than issues and institutions, be it selection of Lord Mountbatten as the first Governor General of free India, retaining a senior British officer as the Commander-in-Chief of India Army or backing Sheikh Abdullah to the hilt – his choices were unfortunate. Finally the Chinese aggression of 1962 shattered his image of a world statesman.
Sardar Patel The Iron Man of India — silent, strong and pragmatic with a complete hold on congress party organization — rightly credited with creating a unified India by integrating 565 princely states in it — he would have included Kashmir also in it if allowed to do so by Nehru. The only blot on him was the insinuation that he failed to protect his beloved Bapu. The slur only hastened his end in Dec 1950.
Nehru’s promise that Article 370 was a temporary provision and will get eroded over a period of time has turned out to be a chimera.
Sheikh Mohammed Abdullah Charismatic Kashmiri leader who never let go of his dream of ruling an independent Kashmir even while masquerading as a secularist — architect of Article 370 along with Nehru. He must share with Nehru the grave consequences. Lion of Kashmir brought Nehru under his spell from 1938 onwards to the extent that in May 1947 when he was arrested by the Maharaja for sedition, Nehru represented Sheikh as his lawyer and was even arrested in Jun 1947 by the Maharaja while trying to enter J&K. Finally Nehru had to eat the humble pie by arresting Sheikh Abdullah for sedition on 9 Aug 1953.
Maharaja Hari Singh The Maharaja saw an opportunity at the end of British Raj to keep Kashmir as the Switzerland of the East. Trying to repeat history when his ancestors – Maharaja Gulab Singh and Ranbir Singh gained handsome dividends by keeping aloof during the Sikh War and Great Mutiny, Hari Singh tried to sign a standstill Agreement with India and Pak at the time of independence, Pakistan signed, India declined. Maharaja died a lonely man, forced to abdicate and exiled from his beloved land.
The Drama Unfolds
Having finalized the text of Article 370 with Sheikh Abdullah, Nehru brought in Gopalaswamy Ayyangar, IAS, as a minister without portfolio to help him deal with Kashmir portfolio and plead the case of Article 370 in the Constituent Assembly. Gopalaswamy Ayyangar had been prime minister of Kashmir for six years with Maharaja Hari Singh. When Sardar Patel expressed his misgivings, this is what Nehru had to say on Dec 27, 1947.
“Gopalaswamy Ayyangar has been especially asked to help in Kashmir matters. Both for this reason and because of his intimate knowledge and experience of Kashmir, he had to be given full latitude. I really do not know where the States Ministry (Sardar Patel’s ministry) comes into the picture except that it should be kept informed for the steps taken. All this was done at my instance and I do not propose to abdicate my functions in regard to matters for which I consider myself responsible. May I say that the manner of approach to Gopalaswamy was hardly in keeping with the courtesy due to a colleague.”
It speaks volumes of Patel’s loyalty to a colleague that despite his own and others misgivings, he managed to convince the members of Constituent Assembly and Congress Party Executive. But to V Shankar he said “Jawaharlal Royega”.
The Sardar thereupon resigned and the matter fell in Gandhiji’s lap to bring the two colleagues together. During this period, V Shankar, IAS was the personal secretary to Patel and had maintained a record of all events. It is clear from these records that Nehru finalized the draft of Article 370 alongwith Sheikh Abdullah without even informing Patel. Thereafter it fell to Gopalaswamy Ayyangar to get the draft passed in the Constituent Assembly discussions. The proposal was torn to pieces by the Constituent Assembly and also Congress Party Executive.
Nehru, who was abroad at the time, swallowed his pride and rang up Patel and requested him to get the Article 370 approved It speaks volumes of Patel’s loyalty to a colleague that despite his own and others misgivings, he managed to convince the members of Constituent Assembly and Congress Party Executive. But to V Shankar he said “Jawaharlal Royega”. V Shankar, in his record has described the meeting of the Congress Executive Committee “The meeting was one of the stormiest I have ever witnessed barring the party meeting which discussed the proposition relating to Rajaji becoming the first President of Indian Republic. The opinion in opposition to Gopalaswamy’s formula was forcefully and even militantly expressed and the issue even brought in the sovereignty of the Constituent Assembly to draw up the Constitution without being tied down to the apron-strings of the Kashmir State Constituent Assembly. In such a situation even Maulana Azad was shouted down.
The Party was in uproar. The Sardar had to plead that because of the international complications, a provisional approach alone could be made leaving the question of final relationship to be worked out according to the exigencies of the situation and mutual feelings and confidence that would have been by then created. Once the Sardar had taken charge, all opposition to the draft was silenced” And how Nehru responded to this great act of loyalty on part of Sardar? On 24 July 1952, after Sardar was no more, Nehru made a detailed statement on Kashmir in the Parliament on slow integration of Kashmir into India Union and mentioned that “Sardar Patel was all the time dealing with these matters.” Even Gopalaswami Ayyangar was dismayed at this blatant lie and mentioned to V Shankar “It is an ill return to the Sardar for the magnanimity he had shown in accepting Panditji’s point of view against his better judgment.”
Consequences of Article 370
Article 370 has been the biggest impediment to integration of J&K State into Indian Union. That it was incorporated in the Indian Constitution by the machination of two individuals – Shiekh Abdullah and Nehru is all the more regrettable. Nehru had to eat the humble pie when he had to arrest the Sheikh for his divisive and anti national stance on 8 Aug 1953 but he did not let go of his concept of keeping J&K a separate entity. In 1957, some top leaders of National Conference led by Mr Qasim split the party and formed a group called Democratic National Conference (DNC).
Article 370, included in the Constitution on a temporary provision should have been gradually abrogated. This has not happened in sixty years.
It had abrogation of Article 370 on its agenda. Nehru would not brook any opposition to his policy of keeping J&K a separate entity. He told the leaders that a new threat (China) is emerging and it is an inopportune time to raise this issue and forced them to drop their demand. Nehru thereafter decided to withdraw the Kashmir conspiracy case against Sheikh Abdullah. This case had been going on since May 21, 1958. The formal orders however were issued by Govt of India on 8 April 1964.
It is often forgotten that J&K state is not a homogeneous entity. Apart from Valley Muslims, Jammu has a predominantly Hindu population while Ladakh has a mix of Buddhist and Muslims. Then you have the Gujjars & Bakarwals. Why is Article 370 detrimental to the full integration of J&K state into Indian Union. Firstly the Central Govt can make laws only with concurrence of the State govt, practically giving it the Veto power. Article 352 and 360 for declaration of national and financial emergency respectively cannot be applied in Kashmir. While a citizen of India has only Indian citizenship, J&K citizens have two citizenships. Anti Defection Law is not applicable to J&K. No outsider can buy property in J&K state.
The beneficial laws such as Wealth Tax, Gift Tax & Urban Land Ceiling Act and intermarriage with other Indian nationals do not operate in J&K State. Even Article 356 under which President of India can impose his rule in any state cannot be enforced in J&K without consent of the Governor who himself is an appointee of the President. State of J&K can refuse building of any cantonment on any site or refuse to allot land for defence purposes.
Article 370, included in the Constitution on a temporary provision should have been gradually abrogated. This has not happened in sixty years. In fact whenever someone mentions this, vested interests raise an outcry that legitimate rights of Kashmiris are being trampled upon. Stated agenda of National Conference is return to pre 1953 status. Why should a state of Indian Union have a special status? It conveys a wrong signal not only to Kashmiris but also to the separatists, Pakistan and indeed the international community that J&K is still to become integral part of India, the sooner Article 370 is done away is better.
