Ramanisblog

Tag: Smriti

  • Which Smriti To Be Followed For Present Age, Not Manu

    I have written on the Smritis,Laws governing Hindu Society.

    Laws undergo change with changing Times.

    Our present Laws get changed, including The Constitution quite frequently in a short span of Time.

    Hinduism takes Time Span on a larger scale,the present Aeon ,Kali Yuga lasting for a period of 4,32,000 years and the earlier one Dwapara Yuga 8,64,000 years!

    And we have two more earlier Yugas,Treta and Krutha Yugas.

    Yugas

    The religious texts of Hindus are classified into two types.

    Sruthi,that which is ‘Heard, and ‘Smriti’,that which is remembered.

    Vedas are called Sruthi and their authority is final in case of a conflict between Sruthi and Smriti.

    Since Hindu texts are transmitted orally and never by written words,there are,at times differences in the number of texts available .

    So,there are two versions regarding Smritis.

    One lists Eleven Smritis and some Eighteen.

    Though it is said that Many Smriti is the first one,being compiled by the first Human,Manu,all Smritis disappear with the dissolution of the world.

    They come into being when new Time scale or creation manifests.

    Vyasa,the great Complier,the name Vyasa means ‘Compiler’.

    He declares that Manu Smriti is not meant for the present Time scale, Kaliyuga.

    The Smriti to be followed for the present Yuga,Kali, is Parasara Smriti.

    There are variations between Manu and Parasara Smriti.

    I shall write on some important points from Parasara Sruthi.

    'The author of the Veda there is none ; (he) the four- 
faced (God) , at each succeeding revolution of a Kalpa, re- 
calls to mind the Veda ; and so does Manu remember the

    law (at each succeeding revolution of a Kalpa) .

    22. ” In conformity to the character of the age, the rules
    of law (suitable) for men differ from age to age. The rules
    for the Krita differ from the Treta rules ; the Dvapara laws
    are not identical with the Kali rules.

    23. ” Self-mortification is the rule in the Krita age ;
    knowledge is said (to be the same) in the Treta ; in the
    Dvapara, (they) say sacrifice (to the gods to be) the sole

    (rule) ; and charity alone in the Kali age.

    24. ” For the Krita are suited the laws of Manu ; for the Treta, those
    by Gautama (are) prescribed ; for the Dvapara those by Shank and
    Likhita ; for the Kali, those by Parasara are prescribed. ‘

    Reference and citation.

    https://archive.org/stream/ParasharaSmriti/SriParasharaSmrithiPdf_djvu.txt

    You may download Parasara Smriti PDF from the above Link.

    ‘The Smritis are named after them. We have Manu Smriti or Manava Dharma-Sastra (the Laws of Manu or the Institutes of Manu), Yajnavalkya Smriti and Parasara Smriti. Manu is the greatest law-giver of the race. He is the oldest law-giver as well. The Yajnavalkya Smriti follows the same general lines as the Manu Smriti and is next in importance to it. Manu Smriti and Yajnavalkya Smriti are universally accepted at the present time as authoritative works all over India. Yajnavalkya Smriti is chiefly consulted in all matters of Hindu Law. Even the Government of India are applying some of these laws.

    There are eighteen main Smritis or Dharma Sastras. The most important are those of Manu, Yajnavalkya and Parasara. The other fifteen are those of Vishnu, Daksha, Samvarta, Vyasa, Harita, Satatapa, Vasishtha, Yama, Apastamba, Gautama, Devala, Sankha-Likhita, Usana, Atri and Saunaka.

    The laws of Manu are intended for the Satya Yuga, those of Yajnavalkya are for the Treta Yuga; those of Sankha and Likhita are for the Dvapara Yuga; and those of Parasara are for the Kali Yuga.

    The laws and rules which are based entirely upon our social positions, time and clime, must change with the changes in society and changing conditions of time and clime. Then only the progress of the Hindu society can be ensured.‘

    http://sivanandaonline.org/public_html/?cmd=displaysection&section_id=572

    Related.

    Eleven Smriti Compilers

  • Eleven Vedic Brahmin Law Makers Of Gotra Smritis

    I have been receiving quite a few mails as to which  procedure to follow in the case of Brahmin Rituals.

    And which Veda is the Authority on these issues?

    Lineage Hinduism
    Gotra, Lineage Hinduism

    The answer is Vedas do not speak of these codes.

    Vedas are the Fundamental truths expressed by the Seers as they grasped them intuitively..

    Vedas have two aspects.

    Gnana Kanda, which talks about The Knowledge of Reality .and the ways of attaining the Reality.

    Karma Kanda deals with the duties relating to various stages of life, that of,

    Brahmacharya,The Celibate,

    Gruhstha, The married,

    Vanaprastha, Retired and meditating Life and

    Sanyasa, relinquishing of everything mundane.

    These stages are called Asramas, Stages of Life……

    All in  pursuit of Reality,Brahman

    But Varna, which is incorrectly translated as Caste, is based on Dispositions.

    They are four.

    Brahmana,

    Kshatriya,

    Vaisya and

    Sudra.

    Smritis, which came later to Vedas codified the Karma Kanda  in conjunction with the Gnana Kanda.

    Relevant portions of the Vedic Duties which would suit the individual’s disposition and also a group with the same disposition were organised and presented as Smritis.

    There are quite a few number of Smritis to be followed .

    Though all the Smritis state from the Vedas, and each one of them is an authority for all the Varnas, it is traditional for some groups to follow a specific Smriti.

    Kashtriyas, Vaisyas and Sudras are to follow Manu Smriti.

    Though Brahmins  are expected to follow Manu Smriti, it is traditional to follow eleven Smritis, including Manu Smriti.

    However in case of a conflict between Manu Smriti and the other Ten Smritis, it is traditional to follow any one of them overlooking the Manu Smriti.

    The reason is that Manu Smriti addresses mostly the issues of the duties of  king and other Varnas,though Brahminical Duties are also detailed.,it does not deal exhaustively with the procedures of Karmas as in the other Smritis.

    The Eleven Smritis Brahmins are expected to Follow are,

    Apasthambha: Apasthambha, a native of Andhra Country, belonged to Krishnayajurveda School. He belonged to fifth century BC. Apasthambha’s teachings are called Apasthambhasutra orApasthambhasmriti.

    ( *  Apasthamba came from the Lineage of Viswamitra and codified the Smriti by taking some practices from Tamil Culture and incorporated in his Smriti, Like Thalli or Mangal Sutra which is not found in the Vedas and Thaali is a Unique concept of the Tamils)
         Baudhayana: Baudhayana also belonged to Krishnayajurveda School and was an inhabitant of Andhra Country. Baudhayana’s teachings are called Baudhayanasutra or Baudhayanasmriti.
         Brihaspati: Brihaspati was probably the first jurist to make a clear distinction between civil and criminal justice. Yajnavalkya referred to Brihaspati.  However, Brihaspati is considered to belong to 200-400 AD.  Brihaspatismriti has a lot of similarities with Dhammathats of Myanmar (Burma).
       Gautama: Gautama was the most ancient sage of all Brahmin lawgivers. He was quoted by Baudhayana and belonged to Samaveda School.  Gautama’s teachings are called Gautamasutra orGautamasmriti.
        Harita: Baudhayana and Vasishta in their Dharmasutras quote Harita.  Haritasmriti or Haritasutra is an extensive work.
       Katyayana: Yajnavalkya mentions Katyayana. Katyayanasmriti is quoted in several works of Viswarupa, Mitramisra etc.  Smriti Chandrika cites 600 verses of Katyayanasutras. He may belong to the same period as Narada and Brihaspati.
        Manu: Manu is a mythical personality and is the ancestor of the entire humankind.  Manu received the code from Brahma, and communicated it to ten sages and requested Bhrigu rishi to repeat it to the other nine.  This code of conduct recited by Bhrigu is called Manusmriti.  For convenience, the British took Manusmriti as the paramount law of the Indian Continent.Manudharma is not only revered by Brahmins and Hindus, but also by Buddhists in Java, Siam and Myanamar.  Manusmriti was composed around 200 BC, around which time a revival of Brahminism took place under the rule Sungas in the North India.
       Narada: Sage Narada was probably a native of Nepal around first century AD.  Naradasmriti is the first legal code unhampered by the mass of religious and moral teachings. Some authors think that Narada belonged to Gupta period when there was a distinct revival of Brahminism and Sanskrit literature.
        Vasishta: Vasishta belonged to 3rd century BC and a native of North India. Vasishta’s teachings are called Vasishtasutra or Vasishtasmriti.
        Vishnu: Vishnu belonged to 1st or 2nd century AD. Vishnu’s teachings are called Vishnusutra or Vishnusmriti.
       Yajnavalkya: Yajnavalkya belonged to Suklayajurveda School.  He was a native of Mithila City in North Bihar and probably lived anywhere from few centuries before Christ to 200 AD.  However, some scholars think he belonged to first or second century AD.  Yajnavalkya Dharmasmriti has been subject of numerous commentaries. The most celebrated of all the commentaries ofYajnavlkyasmriti is Mitakshara and is practically the beginning of the Brahmin law and the so-called Hindu law.  Passages from Mitakshara have been found practically in every part of the Indian Continent and became an authority.  The Yajnavlkyasmriti is concise, more systematic and better arranged than the Manusmriti. From early times, commentators like Viswarupa, Vijnaneswara, Apararka, Sulapani, Mitramisra etc., from every part of India selected the Yajnavalkyasmriti as the basis of their commentaries.  Passages from Yajnavalkyasmiriti appeared in Panchatantra. ‘

    Even among these ten, one has to follow what one’s family has been following as our ancestors had taken into account the Brnch of the Vedas, Pravaras into consideration and followed a specific Smriti.”

    • Gotras are after the Saptha Rishis, The Seven Seers.

    Please read my article on Rishis, Gotras.

    Reference and Citation.

    http://www.vedah.net/manasanskriti/Brahmins.html

     

     

     

     

  • Morality For the Society First By Sanatana Dharma To World

    Sometimes I receive interesting comments.

    They are straight from the heart, they do not pretend they know things even though many may find it difficult to admit.

    In an Ocean called Hinduism., one gets doubts all the time and one is encouraged to question it.

    Atharva Veda on Effort. Atharva Veda on Effort.

    When I keep posting on researched articles, I find people are interested, intrigued and many have started reading Sanatana Dharma Texts, setting aside the prejudice of them being myths(propagated by the west) in anew Light.

    At the same time they get some  doubts and they convey it to me.

    Some through direct email or by comments to the Posts .

    One such comment is below.

    ‘Even though I am Hindu and yeah I don’t believe in idol worshipping but sometimes I doubt what was the first society or first rules made on earth whether it’s Hinduism or other Relevant religion.. Please can u light on some confusion’

    It requires a Hinduism to  allow you to say that you do not follow some of its tenets and yet say I am a Hindu!

    Sanatana dharma does not call it as heresy.

    It calls it as enquiry which it feels it ought to clarify and clear.

    As to the Moral principles rules by a society for the first time in the world, it is undoubtedly Hinduism.

    It is in the form of Vedas.

    Vedas are nothing but the exposition of Dharma, loosely translated as righteousness.

    It is much more than that.

    Dharma is the Natural state of Being, unsullied by experience.

    The effort of the Vedas lie in the direction of making the Pure Self to realize its pristine nature.

    In this effort many deities are worshiped in the abstract form, which later became Gods with forms.

    For more on this please read my posts.

    Does God have Name and Form

    Why many Gods in Hinduism

    In this endeavour, Hinduism lays down rules throughout the Vedas.

    Right from the Rig Veda, which states,

    ‘bathram karnebi srunuyaama devaa”

    Let Noble thoughts reach my ears from all directions, thereby indicating what is good and what is not Good.

    As disipline for a Man the Taittriya Explains the duties and responsibilities of an individual.

    In Shikshavalli,

    Bhriguvalli,

    Narayanavalli, and Ananadavalli.

    In this the responsibility of a celibate, householder,the semi renounced, and the renounced are explained in detail

    Not only this.

    These texts expalin the necessity of respecting nature,Plants, animals, food, air.

    Shikshavaali begins with ‘Annanna Nindhyaath Tat vratahm’

    Take a Vow,

    Never insult food( By not taking it or wasting it or eat alone

    Goes on to add,

    It is because of food one lives and one is made of food.

    If a religion can pay so much respect to such an intricate issue, by making it a part of Teaching syllabus at the beginning, can there be any doubt which Religion, Society gave the first Rules to the Mankind?

    It is Sanatana Dharma, first through the Vedas later through the Smritis, Manu Smriti being one of them.

    • I shall be writing in detail on Taittiya Mantra Kosa.
    Related articles

  • Compilers Composers Rig Veda Six Major Families

    The Vedas are heard, Sruthi, and grasped.

    There is no written record of them.

    They have been transmitted  orally since 5000 years.

    Composers Of Rig Veda.jpg
    Composers Of Rig Veda.

    The Vedas were intutively grasped in the for of Sounds by the Seers,Rishis.

    They can not be really called composers, they have complied what they have intutively learnt.

    The major families that composed these hymns are the Bharadvajas, Visvamitras, Vasisthas, Vamadevas, Grtsamadas and Atris. Each of these is attributed a Mandala (or Book) in the Rig Veda. These Mandalas are thus referred to as the Kula Mandalas (Family Books).

    ”

    The AnukramaNIs or Indices of the Rigveda provide us with the most basic information about each of the 1028 hymns of the Rigveda:

    a. The RSi ( Rishi: ऋषि  ) or composer of each hymn or verse.

    b. The DevatA (  देवता  ) or deity of each hymn or verse.

    c. The Chhanda ( छंद  ) or metre of each hymn or verse.

    For the purpose of our historical analysis of the Rigveda, we will be concerned only with the index which deals with the most undeniably historical aspect of the Rigveda: the index of RSis which provides us with details about the living and breathing historical personalities who composed the hymns.

    The Rigveda consists of 10 MaNDala ( मंडल ) or Books, which contain 1028 sUktas ( सूक्त ) or hymns, consisting of 10552 mantras ( मंत्र ) or verses as follows:

    MaNDala NI
    II
    III
    IV
    V
    VI
    VII
    VIII
    IX
    X Total    		 No. of Hymns  191
    43
    62
    58
    87
    75
    104
    103
    114
    191 1028    		 No. of verses 2006
    429
    617
    589
    727
    765
    841
    1716
    1108
    1754 10552

    The names of the composers of the different hymns in the Rigveda:

    MaNDala.I  (191 hymns)

    1-10
    11
    12-23
    24-30
    31-35
    36-43
    44-50
    51-57
    58-64
    65-73
    74-93
    94-98
    99
    100
    101-115
    116-126
    127-139
    140-164
    165-191
    		 Madhucchandas VaiSvAmitra
    JetA MAdhucchandas
    MedhAtithi KANva
    SunahSepa AjIgarti later DevarAta VaiSvAmitra
    HiraNyastUpa ANgiras
    KaNva Ghaura
    PraskaNva KANva
    Savya ANgiras
    NodhAs Gautama
    ParASara sAktya
    Gotama RAhUgaNa
    Kutsa ANgiras
    KaSyapa MArIca
    RjrASva VArSAgira
    Kutsa ANgiras
    KakSIvAn Dairghatamas
    Parucchepa DaivodAsI
    DIrghatamas Aucathya
    Agastya MaitrAvaruNI

    MaNDala II (43 hymns)

    1-3
    4-7
    8-26
    27-29
    30-43
    		 GRtsamada Saunahotra, later GRtsamada Saunaka
    SomAhuti BhArgava
    GRtsamada Saunahotra, later GRtsamada Saunaka
    KUrma GArtsamada
    GRtsamada Saunahotra, later GRtsamada Saunaka

    MaNDala III (62 hymns)

    1-12
    13-14
    15-16
    17-18
    19-22
    23-35
    36
    37
    38
    39-53
    54-56
    57-61
    62
    		 ViSvAmitra GAthina
    RSabha VaiSvAmitra
    UtkIla KAtya
    Kata VaiSvAmitra
    GAthin KauSika.
    VaiSvAmitra GAthina
    VaiSvAmitra GAthina, Ghora ANgiras
    VaiSvAmitra GAthina
    VaiSvAmitra GAthina, Prajapati VaiSvAmitra/VAcya
    VaiSvAmitra GAthina
    PrajApati VaiSvAmitra /VAcya
    VaiSvAmitra GAthina
    VaiSvAmitra GAthina, Jamadagni BhArgava

    MaNDala IV (58 hymns)

    1-42
    43-44
    45-58
    		 VAmadeva Gautama
    PurumILha Sauhotra, AjamILha Sauhotra
    VAmadeva Gautama

    MaNDala V (87 hymns)

    1
    2
    3-6
    7-8
    9-10
    11-14
    15
    16-17
    18
    19
    20
    21
    22
    23
    2425-26
    27
    28
    29
    30
    31
    32
    33-34
    35-36
    37-43
    44
    45
    46
    47
    48
    49
    50-51
    52-61
    62
    63-64
    65-66
    67-68
    69-70
    71-72
    73-74
    75
    76-77
    78
    79-80
    81-82
    83-86
    87
    		 Budha/ GaviSThira Atreya
    KumAra/VRSa JAna Atreya
    VasuSruta Atreya
    ISa Atreya
    Gaya Atreya
    Sutambhara Atreya
    DharuNa ANgiras
    PUru Atreya
    Dvita Atreya
    Vavri Atreya
    Prayasvanta Atreya
    Sasa Atreya
    ViSvasAman Atreya
    Dyumna ViSvacarSaNI Atreya
    Bandhu, Subandhu, Srutabandhu,
    Viprabandhu (GaupAyanas)
    VasUyava Atreya
    Atri Bhauma
    ViSvavArA AtreyI
    GaurivIti SAktya
    Babhru Atreya
    Avasyu Atreya
    GAtu Atreya
    SamvaraNa PrAjApatya
    PrabhUvasu ANgiras
    Atri Bhauma
    AvatsAra KASyapa, various Atreyas
    SadApRNa Atreya
    PratikSatra Atreya
    Pratiratha Atreya
    PratibhAnu Atreya
    Pratiprabha Atreya
    Svasti Atreya
    SyAvASva Atreya
    Srutavida Atreya
    ArcanAnas Atreya
    RAtahavya Atreya
    Yajata Atreya
    Urucakri Atreya
    BAhuvRkta Atreya
    Paura Atreya
    Avasyu Atreya
    Atri Bhauma
    Saptavadhri Atreya
    SatyaSravas Atreya
    SyAvASva Atreya
    Atri Bhauma
    EvayAmarut Atreya

    MaNDala VI (75 hymns)

    1-30
    31-32
    33-34
    35-36
    37-43
    44-46
    47
    48
    49-52
    53-74
    75
    		 BharadvAja BArhaspatya
    Suhotra BharadvAja
    Sunahotra BharadvAja
    Nara BharadvAja
    BharadvAja BArhaspatya
    Samyu BArhaspatya
    Garga BharadvAja
    Samyu BArhaspatya
    RjiSvan BhAradvAja
    BharadvAja BArhaspatya
    PAyu BharadvAja

    MaNDala VII (104 hymns)

    1-31
    32
    33-100
    101-102
    103-104
    		 VasiSTha MaitrAvaruNI
    VasiSTha MaitrAvaruNI Sakti VAsiSTha
    VasiSTha MaitrAvaruNI
    VasiSTha MaitrAvaruNI, Kumara Agneya
    VasiSTha MaitrAvaruNI

    MaNDala VIII (103 hymns)

    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    6
    7
    8
    9
    10
    11
    12
    13
    14-15
    16-18
    19-22
    23-25
    26
    27-31
    32
    33
    34
    35-38
    39-41
    42
    43-44
    45
    46
    47
    48
    49
    50
    51
    52
    53
    54
    55
    56
    57-58
    59
    60-61
    62-65
    66
    67
    68-69
    70
    71
    72
    73-74
    75
    76-78
    79
    80
    81-83
    84
    85
    86
    87

    88
    89-90
    91
    92-93
    94
    95-96
    97
    98-99
    100
    101
    102
    103

    		 PragAtha KANva, MedhAtithi KANva,
    MedhyAtithi KANva
    MedhAtithi KANva, Priyamedha ANgiras
    MedhyAtithi KANva
    DevAtithi KANva
    BrahmAtithi KANva
    Vatsa KANva
    Punarvatsa KANva
    Sadhvamsa KANva
    SaSakarNa KANva
    PragAtha KANva
    Vatsa KANva
    Parvata KANva
    NArada KANva
    GoSUktin KANva, ASvasUktin KANva
    IrimbiTha KANva
    Sobhari KANva
    ViSvamanas VaiyaSva
    ViSvamanas VaiyaSva, VyaSva ANgiras
    Manu Vaivasvata or KaSyapa MArIca
    MedhAtithi KANva
    MedhyAtithi KANva
    NIpAtithi KANva
    SyAvASva Atreya
    NAbhAka KANva
    NAbhAka KANva, ArcanAnas Atreya
    VirUpa ANgiras
    TriSoka KANva
    VaSa ASvya
    Trita Aptya
    PragAtha KANva
    PraskaNva KANva
    PuSTigu KANva
    SruSTigu KANva
    Ayu KANva
    Medhya KANva
    MAtariSvan KANva
    KRSa KANva
    PRSadhra KANva
    Medhya KANva
    SuparNa KANva
    Bharga PrAgAtha
    PrAgAtha KANva
    Kali PrAgAtha
    Matsya SAmmada or MAnya MaitrAvaruNI
    riyamedha ANgiras
    Puruhanman ANgiras
    SudIti PurumILha
    Haryata PrAgAtha
    Gopavana Atreya
    VirUpa ANgiras
    Kurusuti KANva
    KRtnu BhArgava
    Ekadyu NaudhAsa
    usIdin KANva
    USanA KAvya,
    KRSna ANgiras
    KRSna ANgiras, ViSvaka KArSNI
    KRSna ANgiras, DyumnIka VAsiSTha,
    Priyamedha ANgiras
    NodhAs Gautama
    NRmedha ANgiras, Purumedha ANgiras
    ApAlA AtreyI
    SukakSa ANgiras
    Vindu ANgiras, PUtadakSa ANgiras
    TiraScI ANgiras
    Rebha KASyapa
    NRmedha ANgiras
    Nema BhArgava
    Jamadagni BhArgava
    Prayoga BhArgava, Agni BArhaspatya
    Sobhari KANva

    MaNDala IX (114 hymns)

    5-24
    25
    26
    27
    28
    29
    30
    31
    32
    33-34
    35-36
    37-38
    39-40
    41-43
    44-46
    47-49
    50-52
    53-60
    61
    62
    63
    64
    65
    66
    67
    68
    69
    70
    71
    72
    73
    74
    75-79
    80-82
    83
    84
    85
    86
    87-89
    90
    91-92
    93
    94
    95
    96
    97
    98
    99-100
    101
    102
    103
    104-105
    106
    107
    108
    109
    110
    111
    112
    113-11
    		 1  .Madhucchandas VaiSvAmitra,  MedhAtithi KANva
    2.    SunahSepa AjIgarti
    3.     HiraNyastUpa ANgiras
    4.   Asita KASyapa, Devala KASyapa
    DRLhacyuta Agastya
    IdhmavAha DArLhacyuta
    NRmedha ANgiras
    Priyamedha ANgiras
    NRmedha ANgiras
    Bindu ANgiras
    Gotama RAhUgaNa
    SyAvASva Atreya
    Trita Aptya
    PrabhUvasu ANgiras
    RahUgaNa ANgiras
    BRhanmati ANgiras
    MedhAtithi KANva
    AyAsya ANgiras
    Kavi BhArgava
    Ucathya ANgiras
    AvatsAra KASyapa
    AmahIyu ANgiras
    Jamadagni BhArgava
    Nidhruvi KASyapa
    KaSyapa MArIca
    Jamadagni BhArgava
    Sata VaikhAnasa
    SaptaRSis, Pavitra ANgiras
    VatsaprI BhAlandana
    HiraNyastUpa ANgiras
    ReNu VaiSvAmitra
    RSabha VaiSvAmitra
    Harimanta ANgiras
    Pavitra ANgiras
    KakSIvAn Dairghatamas
    avi BhArgava
    asu BhAradvAja
    Pavitra ANgiras
    PrajApati VAcya
    Vena BhArgava
    Atri Bhauma, GRtsamada Saunaka,
    AkRSTa MASA, Sikata NivAvarI, PRSni AjaUSanA KAvya
    VasiSTha MaitrAvaruNI
    KaSyapa MArIca
    NodhAs Gautama
    KaNva Ghaura
    PraskaNva KANva
    Pratardana DaivodAsI
    VasiSTha MaitrAvarunI, Indrapramati
    VAsiSTha, VRSagaNa VAsiSTha, Manyu
    VAsiSTha, Upamanyu VAsiSTha,
    VyAghrapAda VAsiSTha, Sakti VAsiSTha,
    KarNaSrut VAsiSTha, MRLIka VAsiSTha,
    Vsukra VAsiSTha, ParASara SAktya,
    Kutsa ANgiras.AmbarISa VArSAgira, RjiSvan ANgiras
    RebhAsUnu KASyapas
    AndhIgu SyAvASvI, YayAtI NAhuSa, NahuSa
    MAnava, Manu SamvaraNa, PrajApati
    VaiSvAmitra.
    Trita Aptya
    Dvita Aptya
    Parvata KANva, NArada KANva
    Agni CakSuSa, CakSu MAnava, Manu Apsava
    SaptaRSis
    GaurIvIti SAktya, Sakti VAsiSTha, Uru ANgiras,
    RjiSvan BhAradvAja
    Agni DhISNya AiSvaraya
    TryaruNa TraivRSNa, Trasadasyu Paurukutsa
    AnAnata PArucchepi
    SiSu ANgiras
    KaSyapa MArIca

    MaNDala X (191 hymns)

    1-7
    8
    9
    10
    11-12
    13
    14
    15
    16
    17
    18
    19
    20-26
    27-29
    30-34
    35-36
    37
    38
    39-40
    41
    42-44
    45-46
    47
    48-50
    51-53
    54-56
    57-60
    61-62
    63-64
    65-66
    67-68
    69-70
    71-72
    73-74
    75
    76
    77-78
    79-80
    81-82
    83-84
    85
    86
    87
    88
    89
    90
    91
    92
    93
    94
    95
    96
    97
    98
    99
    100
    101
    102
    103
    104
    105
    106
    107
    108
    109
    110
    111
    112
    113
    114
    115
    116
    117
    118
    119
    120
    121
    122
    123
    124
    125
    126
    127
    128
    129
    130
    131
    132
    133
    134
    135
    136
    137
    138
    139
    140
    141
    142

    143
    144
    145
    146
    147
    148
    149
    150
    151
    152
    153
    154
    155
    156
    157
    158
    159
    160
    161
    162
    163
    164
    165
    166
    167
    168
    169
    170
    171
    172
    173
    174
    175
    176
    177
    178
    179

    180
    181

    182
    183
    184
    185
    186
    187
    188
    189
    190
    191

    		 Trita Aptya
    TriSirAs TvASTra
    TriSirAs TvASTra, SindhudvIpa AmbarISa
    Yama Vaivasvata, YamI VaivasvatI
    HavirdhAna ANgi
    VivasvAn Aditya
    Yama Vaivasvata
    Sankha YAmAyana
    Damana YAmAyana
    DevaSravas YAmAyana
    Sankusuka YAmAyana
    Matitha YAmAyana, or BhRgu, or Cyavana
    BhArgava
    Vimada Aindra, VasukRt VAsukra
    Vasukra Aindra
    KavaSa AilUSa
    LuSa DhAnaka
    AbhitApa Saurya
    Indra MuSkavAn
    GhoSA KAkSIvatI
    Suhastya GhauSeya
    KRSNa Angiras
    VatsaprI BhAlandana
    Saptagu ANgiras
    Indra VaikuNTha
    Agni Saucika
    BRhaduktha VAmadevya
    Bandhu, Subandhu, Srutabandhu,
    Viprabandhu (GaupAyanas)
    NAbhAnediSTha MAnava
    Gaya PlAta
    VasukarNa VAsukra
    AyAsya ANgiras
    Sumitra VAdhryaSva
    BRhaspati ANgiras
    GaurivIti SAktya
    SindhukSit Praiyamedha
    JaratkarNa Sarpa AirAvata
    SyUmaraSmi BhArgava
    Agni SaucIka or Sapti VAjambhara
    ViSvakarmA Bhauvana
    Manyu TApasa
    SUryA SAvitrI
    VRSAkapi Aindra, Indra, IndrANI
    PAyu BhAradvAja
    MUrdhanvAn VAmadevya
    ReNu VaiSvAmitra
    NArAyaNa
    AruNa Vaitahavya
    SAryAta MAnava
    TAnva PArthya
    Arbuda KAdraveya Sarpa
    PurUravas AiLa, UrvaSI
    Baru ANgiras, Sarvahari Aindra
    BhiSag AtharvaNa
    DevApi ArSTiSeNa
    Vamra VaikhAnasa
    Duvasyu VAndana
    Budha Saumya
    Mudgala BhArmyaSva
    Apratiratha Aindra
    ASTaka VaiSvAmitra
    Sumitra Kautsa, Durmitra Kautsa
    BhUtAMSa KASyapa
    Divya ANgiras, DakSiNA PrAjApatya
    SaramA, PaNis
    JuhU BrahmajAyA
    RAma JAmadagnya, Jamadagni BhArgava
    ASTAdaMSTra VairUpa
    Nabhahprabhedana VairUpa
    Sataprabhedana VairUpa
    Sadhri VairUpa
    Upastuta VArSTihavya
    Agniyuta Sthaura
    BhikSu ANgiras
    UrukSaya ANgiras
    Laba Aindra
    BRhaddiva AtharvaNa
    HiraNyagarbha PrAjApatya
    CitramahA VAsiSTha
    Vena BhArgava
    Agni, VaruNa, Soma
    VAk AmbhRNI
    AMhomuk VAmadevya
    KuSika Saubhara, RAtrI BhAradvAjI
    Vihavya ANgiras
    PrajApati ParameSThin
    Yajña PrAjApatya
    SukIrti KAkSIvata
    SakapUta NArmedha
    SudAs Paijavana
    MAndhAtA YauvanASva
    KumAra YAmAyana
    JUti, VAtajUti, ViprajUti, VRSAnaka,
    Karikrata, EtaSa, RSyaSRnga (VAtaraSanas)
    SaptaRSis
    ANga Aurava
    ViSvavAsu Devagandharva
    Agni, PAvaka
    Agni TRpasa
    SArNga, JaritR, DroNa, SArisRkva,
    Stambhamitra
    Atri SAnkhya
    Urdhvasadman YAmAyana
    IndrANI
    DevamunI Airammada
    Suvedas SairISI
    PRthu Vainya
    Arcan HairaNyastUpa
    MRLIka VAsiSTha
    SraddhA KAmAyanI
    SAsa BhAradvAja
    IndramAtara DevajAmaya
    YamI VaivasvatI
    SirimbiTha BhAradvAja
    Ketu Agneya
    Bhuvana Aptya, SAdhana Aptya
    CakSu Saurya
    SacI PaulomI
    PUraNa VaiSvAmitra
    YakSmanASana PrAjApatya
    RakSohA BrAhma
    VivRhA KASyapa
    Pracetas ANgiras
    Kapota NairRta
    RSabha VairAja SAkvara
    ViSvAmitra, Jamadagni
    Anila VAtAyana
    Sabara KAkSIvata
    VibhrAt Saurya
    ITa BhArgava
    SaMvarta ANgiras
    Dhruva ANgiras
    AbhIvarta ANgiras
    UrdhvagrAvA Arbuda
    SUnu Arbhava
    PataNga PrAjApatya
    AriSTanemi TArkSya
    Sibi AuSInara, Pratardana KASirAja, Vasumanas RauhidaSva
    Jaya Aindra
    Pratha VAsiSTha, Sapratha BhAradvAja,
    Gharma Saurya
    TapurmUrdhan BArhaspatya
    PrajAvAn PrAjApatya
    ViSNu PrAjApatya
    SatyadhRti VAruNi
    Ula VAtAyana
    Vatsa Agneya
    Syena Agneya
    SArparAjñI
    AghamarSaNa MAdhucchandas
    SaMvanana ANgiras

    There are some fictitious composers ,especially in Mandala X.

    However, in the first eight MaNDala, except in the case of one single hymn (VIII.47), it is very easy to identify the actual composer (by which we mean the RSi who actually composed the hymn, or his eponymous ancestor to whose name the hymn is to be credited as per the system followed in the particular MaNDala) of a hymn ascribed to a fictitious composer.

    Hymn

    Fictitious Composers

    Actual Composer

    I.100

    AmbarISa, Sahadeva, BhayamAna, SurAdhas

    RjrASva

    I.105

    Trita Aptya

    Kutsa

    I.126

    BhAvayavya, RomaSA

    KakSIvAn

    III.23

    DevaSravas, DevavAta

    ViSvAmitra

    IV.42

    Trasadasyu Paurukutsa

    VAmadeva

    V.27

    Trasadasyu, TryaruNa, ASvamedha

    Atri

    VI.15

    VItahavya

    BharadvAja

    VIII.1

    AsaNga, SaSvatI

    MedhAtithi

    VIII.34

    Vasurocis

    NIpAtithi

    (2) Dialogue hymns, in some of which verses are ascribed to Gods and even rivers:

    Hymn

    Fictitious Composers

    Actual Composer

    I.165

    Indra, Maruts, (epon.) Agastya

    Agastya

    I.170

    Indra, (epon.) Agastya

    Agastya

    I.179

    (epon.) Agastya, LopAmudrA, a pupil

    Agastya

    III.33

    (epon.) ViSvAmitra, Rivers

    ViSvAmitra

    IV.18

    (epon.) VAmadeva, Indra, Aditi

    ViSvAmitra

    (3) Hymns which are ascribed alternatively to the actual composers and to their remote ancestors:

    Hymn

    Fictitious ComposersActual Composer

    III.31KuSika AiSIrathIViSvAmitra GAthinaVIII.27-31Manu VaivasvataKaSyapa MArIcaVIII.71PurumILha ANgirasSudIti PurumILha.

    Female Composers.

    he female Vedic writers credited with composing hymns are noted below:
    (1) Vak Devi: she was the daughter of Rishi Ambhrina. She is credited with composing the eight riks of 125 Sukta, Book X and Rig Veda. These riks are known as Devi-Sukta. In the ancient Vedic times it was a custom to read the Devi-Sukta on special occasions. In modern times instead of the Devi Sukta, the Chandi (recounting of the deeds of Durga) is read. In the eight hymns Vak Devi has conveyed her ideas of monotheism and chastity.

    (2) Biswavara: She belonged to the Atri clan. She was the composer of six hymns. These hymns illustrate the gentle ideas, beauty and loving affections of the female.

    (3) Aditi: She was the spouse of the great sage Kasyapa. Her father was King Daksha and she was the mother of twelve Aditya brothers of the deva-Aryans. Aditi is credited with composing five hymns of R. V.X, 153 Sukta. She has also composed the fifth, sixth and the seventh hymns of R. V., IV and 18 Sukta.

    (4) Apala: She belonged to the Atri clan. She has also composed many beautiful hymns like Biswavara, the eight hymns of R.V. VIII and 91 Sukta.

    (5) Yami: She has written the first, third, fifth, seventh, and eleventh hymns of R.V, 10 Sukta and even the five hymns of 154th Sukta.

    (6) Urvashi: She has described her love marriage with Pururava, a lunar king, in seven hymns of the 95th Sukta, Book X and Rig Veda.

    (7) Lopamudra: She was the Princess of Vidarbha and wife of the great sage Agastya. She has composed the first two hymns of the 179th Sukta of Book I of the Rig Veda.

    (8) Romasa: she was the Queen of Bhava-Yavya and the mother of King Svanaya. She has composed the seventh hymn of 126th Sukta, Book I, and Rig Veda.

    References.

    The History and Culture of the Indian People

    2. The Culture and Civilization of Ancient India in Historical Outline by D.D. Kosambi, Vikas Publishing House Pvt.  Ltd, Delhi-Bombay-Bangalore-Kanpur, 1975 (first printed 1970).

    3. Rgveda Repetitions Vol.2 by Maurice Bloomfield, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachussetts,  1916.  p. 634

    4. The Rise of the Greek Epic by Gilbert Murray

    Courtesy: – Rigveda: A historical Analysis by  Shrikant G. Talageri

    Citation.

    https://cpdarshi.wordpress.com/2012/04/17/rigveda-%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6-a-historical-analysis-1/

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  • Hinduism On Children Illegitimate Children

    Hinduism accords importance to Familial relationships.

     

    Duties of each member of the Family is set,Man,Wife,children,Brother,Sister and elders.

     

    However the emphasis  is more on the duties of the son.

     

    Hindu Symbol OM.jpg
    Hindu Symbol OM

     

    Hinduism considers the begetting of a male child to be auspicious as they believe that the son prevents the parents entering the Hell called ‘Puth’

     

    The name for son is Puthra, one who prevents parents from entering Puth.

     

    The Smritis state that a son is to be treated as,

     

    a King till he is Five years old.

     

    as Slave from 5 to Fifteen and

     

    a friend after Fifteen years.

     

    A son is not to be praised in his face.

     

    His mistakes are to be pointed out.

     

    a son has to be educated within one’s  means.

     

    As children can not understand the difficulties of running a family(till they are fifteen No Family affairs are to be discussed with them nor their opinion sought even for their education)

     

    Once they are married all decisions are to be taken after discussing with them, not necessarily following them.

     

    They have to be taught etiquette  and discipline as set forth in the Taittriya Upanishad in Siksha Valli.

     

    The son , when he comes of age is expected to run the family and the parents have to maintain themselves , either by staying in the family or withdrawing to the forest as a vanaprastha.

     

    If the wife is not willing to accompany the husband,she has to be left in the care of the son.

     

    The son  is the Guardian of the Mother.

     

    The son is the next authority in running the Family and he has to take  care of his sisters  and younger brothers as a father.

     

    His wife occupies the next place in the Family after the Mother and Father.

    She is Mother in another form.

     

    The son is to perform the Funeral rites of the Parents.

     

    He shall perform all the duties of  the Father, including  the performance of all Poojas and Rituals prescribed for the Family, after the Seemantha for his wife is performed.

     

    If a Man does not have a child, he has to adopt his daughter’s child as his son.

     

    Following ceremonies are performed for the Son.

     

    1.Punyahavachana.

    2.Namakarana, naming the child.

    3.Ayush Homa till he attains Five Years.

    4.Ear-piercing,Karnabhushana.

    5.Head tonsuring.

    6.Upanayana.

    7.Marriage.

    8.Seemantha for His wife.

     

    Illegitimate children.

     

    Children of an Unmarried woman,

     

    Child of son’s pregnant Bride,

     

    Son of twice married woman,

     

    Son of an adopted daughter,

     

    Adopted son,

     

    All belong to the family.

     

    In the absence of legitimate  children, the illegitimate children  receive one-fourth of the Estate.

     

    Gautama Sutra 28.18.

     

    Manu on Illegitimate Children

    By the sacred tradition the woman is declared to be the soil (or the field), the man is declared to be the seed; the production of all corporeal beings takes place through the union of the soil with the seed.” (Manu. IX.33)

    “Those who, having no property in a field, but possessing seed-corn, sow it in another’s soil, do not receive the grain of the crop which may spring forth.” (Manu.IX.49)

    “If (one man’s) bull were to beget a hundred calves on another man’s cows, they (i.e., the calves) would belong to the owner of the cows; in vain would the bull have spent its strength.” (Manu.IX.50)

    “Thus men who have no marital property in women, but sow their seed in the soil of others, benefit the owner of the woman; but the giver of the seed reaps no benefit.” (Manu.IX.51)

     

    Citation.

     

    https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/advaitin/conversations/messages/55496

     

    http://www.hinduwebsite.com/hinduism/h_children.asp

     

     

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