I just posted an article detailing how Rajiv Gandhi was implicated in Viggen Aircraft deal.
Now report indicates that Rajiv Gandhi was paid US $ 990,000 by Boeing.
An article in the Michigan daily dated 10 September 1977 quoted a New Indian Express story to this effect.
The article by the New Indian express is not available.
Rajiv Gandhi paid by Boeing
Can someone find it?
However I found some interesting information from the WSJ where in indicates that its expose of Boeing payouts might have delayed the signing of the Boeing deal and there is a mention of this amount.
“On February 5, 1977, the Cabinet of then Prime MinisterIndira Gandhi approved the purchase of three Boeing 737 aircraft for Rs 30.55 crore, swiftly bringing to a close the deal in less than nine months of setting up a committee to recommend how the fleet capacity of Indian Airlines should be augmented.
These nine months saw several controversies around the exercise, including a meeting in the room of Indian Airlines’ acting chairman A H Mehta, where “Indira Gandhi’s son”, Rajiv Gandhi (who was then an Avro commander with the airline), was ushered in and shown some “financial projections”, a procedure the J C Shah Commission later found “totally outside the ordinary course of business”. The Shah commission that probed excesses of the Emergency years (1975-77) also brought out how the Boeing deal was pushed by Indira Gandhi and rushed through after overruling the recommendations of the Planning Commission and the Public Investment Board.
However, soon after the Cabinet’s approval of the Boeing deal, Indira Gandhi had told the then civil aviation and tourism minister,
K Raghuramaiah, about a WSJ report and advised him to wait before the purchase order was placed. On February 8, Indira Gandhi told Raghuramaiah to “go ahead” and “place the order”. The minister did just that: He informed the IA management about the Cabinet approval and the contract with Boeing was signed on February 9, 1977. (Please see Business Standard’s April 18 report: “Controversial Boeing Deal of 1976-77: Rajiv Gandhi met IA brass, was shown financial details against norms”, http://goo.gl/95yZI)
A Business Standard investigation into what precisely led to the delay reveals that Indira Gandhi might have become cautious after the publication of the WSJ report in January 1977 referring to questionable payments made by US companies, including Boeing. On January 21, 1977, WSJ carried a report headlined “Questionable Payments Total Put at $412 Million”. It mentioned Boeing as “topping the list” of 288 companies which had made questionable payments.
Quoting a study by a Washington concern, Charles E Simon and Co, the news report went on to state that Boeing had admitted to making payments of $70 million. The details were collated from information filed by the companies with the Securities and Exchange Commission. The list, according to the WSJ report, included other prominent American corporations (with the payment amounts in brackets): Exxon Corp ($46 million), Northrop Corp ($32 million), Lockheed Aircraft Corp ($25 million) and Armco Steel ($17.5 million). The report also carried a disclaimer that the summary of payments included commissions, agent fees, over-billings and other payments, “many of which may not be deemed improper”.
Indira Gandhi’s caution over concluding the deal was understandable. The final go-ahead for signing the contract might have been given only after ensuring that nothing specifically controversial about the deal appeared in any foreign newspaper. Domestic politics might have also prompted the hasty decisions that drove the deal.
The Huffington Post published a report ‘listing the wealthy people of the world.
Young Sonia Gandhi.
I am informed that the above photo of Sonia Gandhi is not that of hers but of Reese Witherspoon.
The site on this.
”
I did the same when I found this image above circulated on FB and on many internet news sites. Sad part is many people like it, believed it and commented so bad / good about the persons mentioned there. I have made a comment with links to the original image of Reese and got a few people realizing the fact.
I have no intention to support the congress person neither oppose. My point is there are 3rd persons who use hoaxes to fool the people. This is to just expose them and the truth.”
Sonia Gandhi was ranked at 12 , richer than Queen Elizabeth, along with former emir of Qatar Hamid bin Khalifa al-Thani .
Within hours of this news story, Huffington Post removed Sonia Gandhi’s name from the list, obviously under pressure.
To make it look natural, they have also removed the name of Hamid bin Khalifs as Thani.
Reason is not far to seek with the election fever running high in India.
No body can mention SG and get away with it.
“Editor’s Note: Sonia Gandhi and the former emir of Qatar Hamid bin Khalifa al-Thani have been removed from this list. Gandhi was originally included based on a listing on a third party site which was subsequently called into question. Our editors have been unable to verify the amount, removed the link, and regret any confusion. Qatar’s emir was succeeded by his son Tamim in 2013. “
n 2009 while filing her nomination for the Lok Sabha election, Gandhi, stated that she owns neither a car nor a house in India but she has an ancestral home in Italy valued at Rs18.02 lakhs.
Sonia Gandhi’s assets, according to the affidavit, totalled Rs1.38 crore, nearly Rs1 crore less than what her son Rahul Gandhi reportedly has.
Gandhi’s affidavit said that she had Rs75,000 in cash and Rs 28.61 lakh in bank deposits.
In addition she had mutual funds worth about Rs 20 lakh and Rs12 lakh in Reserve Bank of India bonds.
A sum of Rs.199,000 was deposited in post offices and Rs 24.88 lakh with the Public Provident Fund.
Sonia Gandhi’s jewellery, weighing about 2.5 kg, was valued at Rs11 lakh while 88 kg of silver possessed by her was stated to be worth about Rs18 lakh.
She owns two plots of agricultural land totalling up to about 15 bighas and valued at Rs219,000. Their location is not mentioned in the affidavit.
Sonia Gandhi paid Rs558,000 in income tax for the assessment year 2008-09 and Rs32,512 in wealth tax.
But this report in one of the top websites in the world claims, the INC president has $2 billion wealth which is roughly Rs90,000 crores.
However, the report does not clearly state how it has arrived at the comparisons and monetary values of the leaders.
The Middle East according to the report is the richest region as 7 in the list of 20 come from there.
Now there is a counter attack from the Media supporting Sonia Gandhi.
“However, the numbers clearly look dodgy.
Since Business Insider is a highly frequented site and not a fly-by-night operator, Sonia Gandhi may need to take cognisance of this and either sue the publication or take other action to clear her name.
And there are more sites which question the Riches story of Sonia Gandhi as found in the HuffingtonPost , world luxury.
Let me add to this with the information that the said amount seems to tally with what has paid by KGB to Sonia Gandhi, through Rahul gandhi’s account in Swiss Bank.
“In 1992 the media confronted the Russian government with the Albats disclosure. The Russian government confirmed the veracity of the disclosure and defended it as necessary for ‘Soviet ideological interest’. The Hindu of July 4, 1992 carried this report….In November 1991 the respected Swiss magazine, Schweitzer Illustrate, published a report alleging that LK Advani had 2.5 billion Swiss francs, equivalent roughly to two billion US dollars, in numbered Swiss bank accounts.
The sudden death of Sanjay Gandhi, who was functioning as an extra constitutional authority, during his Mother Indira Gandhi’s Regime sparked off a spate of controversies and some even linked Indira Gandhi !
Yet, the M.L. Commission appointed to enquire into this affair never submitted its report.
Death of Sanjay Gandhi.
Now WikiLeaks has disclosed ,quoting Indian Intelligence sources that there were three attempts on Sanjay Gandhi’s Life.
There are more mysteries like Lal Bahadur Shastri‘s Death in Tashkent after India won the War with Pakistan.
Story:
‘Scenario 2: Event 1, June 23rd 1980
The first player in the political theatre to have been eliminated and also the most important first link to the series of events that led to the present dispensation in the corridors of Delhi. Circumstantial evidence in the June 23rd 1980 Sanjay Gandhi air crash near Safdarjung airport points to foul play but let’s not get sucked into those futile arguments that have been raging ever since. Just suffice it to say that the single-member enquiry commission headed by Mr M L Jain which was formed to study the circumstances that lead to the plane crash has never submitted any report what so ever to the government in 3 decades. Now isn’t that fishy?
Background
Anybody who is aware of the 70’s brand of politics in India would know that Sanjay was the most important political centre, around whom most of the power was concentrated and dispensed with. Many even believed that Sanjay wielded more power than Indira Gandhi herself. It thus became pertinent for most intelligence agencies concerned with India’s affairs to have a thick case file about Sanjay Gandhi and his activities. There were some widely debunked theories of the junior Gandhi leaning towards CIA and Mrs Gandhi not being in agreement with his ideas, I do not know the origin or the veracities of these hypotheses so I would not make any comment either to encourage or discourage them. The 1960’s and 70’s Delhi was a hub of international espionage (like any other capital of any other country) because most intelligence agencies (including CIA & KGB) of that era depended on HUMINT or human intelligence officers to gather intelligence rather than satellites and drones of today. Every other day there would be speculation in the media circles of a certain politician or a certain bureaucrat working in tandem with a certain foreign intelligence agency; I would be lying if I claimed that all these speculations were wrong, in fact there were quite a few surprises in the “official” list that the Indian intelligence agencies maintained, but that is a completely different subject altogether. Coming back to Sanjay Gandhi and the interest that he generated in foreign as well as Indian intelligence circles, one thing is clear, he never worked or had any relationship with any of the foreign intelligence agencies and that much I can vouch for, but the same cannot be said about his continuous indulgence and interference with the local intelligence agencies. He always used and had his men in various wings of Indian intelligence agencies. Amidst all of this originated the “Russian hypothesis”
There were three assassination attempts on Sanjay Gandhi, a key figure during the Emergency, including one where a high powered rifle was used when the leader was visiting Uttar Pradesh, a US cable outed byWikiLeaks has claimed.
In a September 1976 dispatch, the US embassy reported the then prime minister Indira Gandhi’s younger son was targeted by an unknown assailant in a “well planned assassination attempt” which failed. The date suggests the incident occurred during the Emergency.
“Indira Gandhi’s son Sanjay was shot three times on August 30 or 31 by an unknown assailant,” the cable says, attributing the information to a clandestine source. The report says Sanjay escaped and was not critically injured.
If Sanjay did suffer injuries, their nature is not specified but interestingly the cable bases its information on information provided by Indian intelligence sources.
“According to Indian intelligence, this is the third attempt on the younger Gandhi’s life,” the cable states and goes on to surmise that the attack will eventually be blamed on revolutionary elements sponsored by outside powers.
I have, here below, provided some Links and information on Sonia Gandhi,the De facto Queen of India, about whom hardly any negative news is reported by The Indian Media.
It is in the internet that one comes across information provided one knows what to look for.
I have blogged on her passport details.her Swiss bank connections, her involvement with the KGB.
The following information is available at the Links provided below.
Draw your conclusions.
“Sonia Gandhi was born as Edvige Antonia Albina Maino on December 9, 1946. A naturalized citizen of India, she has become a very powerful figure in Indian politics. She is the President of Indian National Congress, one of the major political parties of India. She is Italian-born daughter-in-law of the late Prime Minister of India, Mrs. Indira Gandhi She is the wife of Rajiv Gandhi who is a former Prime minister of India and an accused in the Bofors scam
The Indian media rarely publishes articles on Sonia Gandhi. This article is based largely on the exposes by Dr. Subramanian Swamy on websitehttp://janataparty.org/sonia.html
Sonia Gandhi doesn’t have a valid degree. She was a waitress when Rajiv Gandhi met her. Her formal education is (i) Three years course in foreign languages (English & French) completed in 1964 at Istituto Santa Teresa, Turin, Italy (ii) Certificate in English from Lennox Cook School, Cambridge, U.K. completed in 1965
Prime minister episode
Following the unexpected defeat of the NDA, Sonia Gandhi was widely expected to be the next Prime Minister of India. On 16 May, she was unanimously chosen to lead a 15-party coalition government with the support of the left, which was subsequently named the United Progressive Alliance (UPA). The President APJ Abdul Kalam reportedly had communicated to Ms. Gandhi on the afternoon of May 17, 2004, that if she insisted on being invited to form the government, he would want first to clarify, on a reference to the Supreme Court, whether in view of this proviso her appointment as PM could be successfully challenged in the court.
In India naturalised citizens are not barred from becoming the Prime minister. But President has correctly acted on a proviso to Section 5 of the Indian Citizenship Act[1955] which requires the Union Home Ministry to lay down conditions to Indian citizenship acquired by foreigners by registration, condition based on the principle of reciprocity . In Ms Gandhi’s case, such of those conditions that apply to Indians on becoming citizens of Italy, would apply to her.
Falsification of personal details
First, her real name is Antonia not Sonia. This was revealed by the Italian Ambassador in New Delhi in a letter dated April 27, 1983 to the Union Home Ministry which letter has not been made public. Antonia is Sonia’s real name as stated in her birth certificate. Second, Sonia was not born in Orbassano as she claims in her bio data submitted to Parliament on becoming MP, but in Luciana as stated in her birth certificate. Third, Sonia Gandhi has not studied beyond High School. But she has falsely claimed in her sworn affidavit filed as a contesting candidate before the Rae Bareli Returning Officer in the 2004 Lok Sabha elections, that she qualified and got a diploma in English from the prestigious University of Cambridge, UK.
Earlier, in 1999 in her biographical data given under her signature to the Lok Sabha Secretariat and which was published in Parliament’s Who’s Who, she had made the same false claim. But later she wrote to the Lok Sabha Speaker, after Swamy had pointed it out to him in a written complaint of a Breach of Ethics of the Lok Sabha, that it was a “typing mistake”. Strange but true.
Scindia episode
Madhavrao Scindia and a German by name Stiegler are worth mentioning as other good friends of Sonia. Madhavrao’s friendship continued even after Sonia’s marriage to Rajiv. In later years, Madhavrao had become privately critical of Sonia, and told some close friends about his apprehensions about her. It is a pity that he died in mysterious circumstances in an as yet uninvestigated aircrash of his private plane in the year 2001. Mani Shankar Aiyar and Shiela Dikshit were to be on that flight too, but were asked to stay behind at the last moment.
Swiss bank accounts
A stunning exposure on Sonia Gandhi’s secret billions in Swiss banks came, surprisingly, from Switzerland itself, where the world’s corrupt stash away their booty. In its issue of November 19, 1991, Schweizer Illustrierte, the most popular magazine of Switzerland, did an exposé of over a dozen politicians of the third world, including Rajiv Gandhi, who had stashed away their bribe monies in Swiss banks. Schweizer Illustrierte, not a rag, sells some 2,15,000 copies and has a readership of 9,17,000 — almost a sixth of Swiss adult population. Citing the newly opened KGB records, the magazine reported ‘that Sonia Gandhi the widow of the former Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi was controlling secret account with 2.5 billion Swiss Francs (equal to $2.2 billion) in her minor son’s name’. The $2.2 billion account must have existed from before June 1988 when Rahul Gandhi attained majority. y any calculation the present size of the $2.2 billion secret funds of the family in Swiss banks seems huge — anywhere between Rs 43,000 plus to some Rs 84,000 crore!
KGB records
Another expose emanating from the archives of the Russian spy outfit KGB, is far more serious. It says that the Gandhi family has accepted political pay-offs from the KGB — a clear case of treason besides bribe. In her book The State Within a State: The KGB and its Hold on Russia-Past, Present, and Future, Yevgenia Albats, an acclaimed investigative journalist, says: “A letter signed by Victor Chebrikov, who replaced Andropov as the KGB head in 1982 noted: ‘the USSR KGB maintains contact with the son of the Premier Minister Rajiv Gandhi (of India). R Gandhi expresses deep gratitude for the benefits accruing to the Prime Minister’s family from the commercial dealings of the firm he controls in co-operation with the Soviet foreign trade organisations. R Gandhi reports confidentially that a substantial portion of the funds obtained through this channel are used to support the party of R Gandhi’.” (p.223). Albats has also disclosed that, in December 2005, KGB chief Victor Chebrikov had asked for authorisation from the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, “to make payments in US dollars to the family members of Rajiv Gandhi, namely Sonia Gandhi, Rahul Gandhi and Ms Paola Maino, mother of Sonia Gandhi.” And even before Albats’ book came out the Russian media had leaked out the details of the pay-offs. Based on the leaks, on July 4, 1992, The Hindu had reported: “the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service admits the possibility that the KGB could have been involved in arranging profitable Soviet contract for the company controlled by Rajiv Gandhi family”.
Breach of Indian laws
As insurance agent
Sonia Gandhi, was acting as an insurance agent of a public sector insurance company[Oriental Fire&Insurance] during tenure of Indira Gandhi, giving the Prime Minister’s official residence as her business address, and using undue influence to get insured the officers of the PMO, while remaining as an Italian citizen[thus violating FERA]. There was an uproar in Parliament, but Mrs. Indira Gandhi had no alternative but to cut her losses. She made a rare admission in a written reply a few days later that it indeed was so, and that it was by mistake, but that Sonia had resigned from her insurance agency
A C Gupta Commission
The Supreme Court Justice A.C. Gupta Commission set up by the Janata Party government in 1977 came out with a voluminous report on the Maruti Company then owned by the Gandhi family, and has listed eight violations of FERA, Companies Act, and Foreigners Registration Act by Sonia Gandhi. She was never prosecuted, but can still be prosecuted because under Indian law, economic crimes are not subject to the statute of limitation.
Enrollment as voter while being an Italian
In January 1980, Indira Gandhi returned as Prime Minister. The first thing Sonia did was to enroll herself as a voter. This was a gross violation of the law, enough to cause cancellation of her visa [since she was admittedly an Italian citizen then]. There was some hullabaloo in the press about it, so the Delhi Chief Electoral Officer got her name deleted in 1982. But in January 1983, she again enrolled herself as a voter even while as a foreigner [she first applied for citizenship in April 1983]
Subramaniam Swamy has alleged that Sonia’s mother, Paola Maino, and sister Anushka Winci owned the shops, Etinica in Rivolta and Ganpaty in Orbassano, the Mainos’ hometown in Italy. The CBI had to seek Interpol’s help after the Italian foreign ministry refused to part with the information, saying the matter should be taken up by the “Indian judicial authority directly with (the) Italian judicial authority”.
Scams
Bofors scam and freeing Quattrocchi
After the Congress under Sonia Gandhi came to power in 2004, Quattrocchi was quickly relieved of all hardships.
In June 2003, a London branch of the Swiss bank BSI AG was found by the Interpol to have two accounts held by Quattrocchi and his wife Maria, containing Euros 3 million and $1 million. These accounts were then frozen upon the request of the CBI. However, on December 22, 2005, the Indian government position changed rather suddenly. The law minister Hansraj Bhardwaj deputed the additional solicitor general of India, Mr. B. Dutta, to London to specifically request release of these accounts. However, it appears that the law ministry never consulted the investigating agency, CBI in this matter
Even though On 6 February 2007, Quattrocchi was detained in Argentina on the basis of the Interpol warrant, the CBI let him go free by seemingly deliberate errors on its part.
In April 2009, The Interpol removed the red-corner notice issued against Ottavio Quattrocchi after a request from the Central Bureau of Investigation
A major chapter in the 25-year-old Bofors saga was closed with a Tis Hazari court here discharging Italian businessman Ottavio Quattrocchi from the payoffs case after allowing the CBI to withdraw prosecution against him.
After the UPA came back to power in 2004, ENI Italy started exploration of oil along the west coast of India and Andaman islands to name few. The company had links with Quattrochi and is rumored to have Massimo Quattrochi in senior advisory position. ENI is the owner of Snamprogetti which got many contracts during the Rajiv Gandhi regime.
2G scam
As per Subramanian Swami, a large part of the 2G bribe went to the hands of Sonia Gandhi. More details and evidences are awaited.
A 22-year-old IT professional Rahul Krishnakumar Vaid from Gurgaon, Haryana was arrested by the Pune police for his remarks on about Congress chief Sonia Gandhi on an orkut community named — “I hate Sonia Gandhi”. Vaid was charged under section 292 of Indian Penal Code and section 67 of the Information Technology Act because he created a profile and then posted content about Sonia Gandhi in the community. Amol Bhokare, a Congress activist from Pune had lodged a complaint with Deccan Gymkhana police station against unknown persons in December 2007.
The police team nabbed Vaid at his residence brought him to Pune by flight and produced before the Shivajinagar court. Vaid has been remanded to police custody till May 21. If proved guilty, Vaid could be imprisoned for up to five years and may have to pay a fine up to Rs one lakh.
The CBI is awaiting information from Italy on the ownership rights to two antique shops in Rivolta and Orbassano, allegedly owned by Congress president Sonia Gandhi’s family, after Janata Party chief Subramaniam Swamy filed a petition in Delhi High Court.
Swamy alleged in the petition that Sonia was smuggling antiques from India to Italy and getting them auctioned abroad at hefty prices.
In an affidavit filed before Justices Usha Mehra and Pradeep Nandrajog, the CBI said it had sought information through Interpol about the legal owners of the antique shops in the Italian districts.
Swamy alleged that Sonia’s mother, Paola Maino, and sister Anushka Winci owned the shops, Etinica in Rivolta and Ganpaty in Orbassano, the Mainos’ hometown in Italy.
“It is submitted that at present since no criminal case relating to the subject matter is pending investigation, it may not be feasible to send a letter rogatory to the Italian judicial authority for seeking information,” the CBI affidavit said.
The CBI did not register a case against Sonia owing to the Centre’s pressure, Swamy alleged.
“Nevertheless, the CBI has again elicited the desired information from Interpol, Rome, whose reply is awaited,” the bureau’s affidavit said.
It has been more than two months since the CBI wrote to Interpol in Rome, requesting information on the shops. Reminders, too, were sent.
SONIA GANDHI, the daughter of an Italian housebuilder, is likely to become’s India’s new Prime Minister this week — the culmination of a political career that had its beginnings in a Greek restaurant in Cambridge.
Mrs Gandhi was an 18-year-old student at a small language college in Cambridge in 1965, making ends meet by working as a waitress in the Varsity restaurant, when she met a handsome young engineering student.
That first encounter with the future Indian Prime Minister, Rajiv Gandhi, has remained imprinted on her mind as the most romantic moment of her life.
“As our eyes met for the first time, I could feel my heart pounding . . . as far as I was concerned, it was love at first sight,” she wrote later in a rare moment of self-revelation.
“I had a vague idea that India existed somewhere in the world with its snakes, elephants and jungles, but exactly where it was and what it was really all about, I was not sure.”
The man she had met in Cambridge belonged to India’s greatest political dynasty — the son of Indira Gandhi and grandson of Nehru. She, on the other hand, was Sonia Maino, the daughter of a modest Roman Catholic family from Orbassano, near Turin.
But as well as being the source of happy memories, her time in Cambridge has in recent weeks created some political difficulties for Mrs Gandhi.”
Waitress to Empress.
‘
By Glen Owen and Nick Meo
SONIA GANDHI, the daughter of an Italian housebuilder, is likely to become’s India’s new Prime Minister this week — the culmination of a political career that had its beginnings in a Greek restaurant in Cambridge.
Mrs Gandhi was an 18-year-old student at a small language college in Cambridge in 1965, making ends meet by working as a waitress in the Varsity restaurant, when she met a handsome young engineering student.
That first encounter with the future Indian Prime Minister, Rajiv Gandhi, has remained imprinted on her mind as the most romantic moment of her life.
“As our eyes met for the first time, I could feel my heart pounding . . . as far as I was concerned, it was love at first sight,” she wrote later in a rare moment of self-revelation.
“I had a vague idea that India existed somewhere in the world with its snakes, elephants and jungles, but exactly where it was and what it was really all about, I was not sure.”
The man she had met in Cambridge belonged to India’s greatest political dynasty — the son of Indira Gandhi and grandson of Nehru. She, on the other hand, was Sonia Maino, the daughter of a modest Roman Catholic family from Orbassano, near Turin.
But as well as being the source of happy memories, her time in Cambridge has in recent weeks created some political difficulties for Mrs Gandhi.”
Source:
Thanks Hindu Idf,India
Related:
The issue the government has been dodging,the names of Indians in Swiss Bank is out in the open.
* I have posted direct in my blog the same information minus the text as the image portion of the document goes off quite often.
The latest is a face found by an Italian named Matteo Ianneo, who has also claimed to have found vegetation, entrances to underground tunnels and city ruins on Mars in the past few weeks. Ianneo says his latest surface find, which is located at 33°12’29.82″N and 12°55’51.21″W, looks like a picture of Mahatma Gandhi in profile.
It is reminiscent of the Face on Mars, a hill photographed by NASA’sViking 1 probe in 1976 that, in one low-resolution image, resembled a face. Within days of its discovery, space hobbyists were speculating that the structure was man-made and had been built by ancient Martians. A higher-resolution image taken of the “face” last year by NASA’s HiRISE camera revealed a rugged hill.
Humans have been seeing strange things on the surface of Mars for centuries. From the 1700s up through the present day, widespread fame has been available to anyone able to produce even the slightest bit of flimsy evidence that there’s Martian life.
The most recent example was this week’s supposed revelation that asecret Mars base, inhabited either by humans or Martians, can be seen in a photo of the Red Planet‘s surface taken by an orbiting spacecraft.
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