Ramanisblog

Tag: Cambodia

  • Kaundinya Kanchipuram Tamil Founder Cambodia Vietnem Thailand

    The influence of Bharatavarsha is amazing.

    The people of India, then called Bharatavarsha, migrated to all parts of the world, East,Southeast,South,West, North, Northwest of India.

    The migration seems to have been from the South mostly.

    The return of the descendants of these migrants was from the North through the Khyber Pass.

    As of now, the first migration seems to have been that of Shiva, with Ganesha towards the west of India, when a Tsunami struck the South,

    And that was the period when Satyavrata Manu, the ancestor of Lord Rama,left for Ayodhya where his son Ikshvaku founded the Ikshvaku Dynasty.

    Another group traveled towards the east, south east part of Asia from the south.

    ( I am trying to ascertain the period)

    Now it looks as thought this migration took place later than Shiva’s migration to west.

    However some archeological evidence suggests that the migration to Southeast Asia was earlier.

    Now there is literary evidence from Chinese and Indian sources that the Mekong Delta was called the Funan Kingdom..

    The area included here had Cambodia, Thailand and Vietnam.

    Considering the evidence being reproduced below and the fact that a Korean Queen was from Ayodhya, it stands to reason that the influence of Bharatavarsha was very great in the ancient times.

    The Mekong Delta was ruled by Funan Kings.(68-150)

    The Funan Kingdom was founded by Kaundinya,a Brahmin from Kanchipuram,Tamil Nadu.

    This stele found at Tháp Mười in Đồng Tháp Province, Vietnam and now located in the Museum of History in Ho Chi Minh City.JPG This stele found at Tháp Mười in Đồng Tháp Province, Vietnam and now located in the Museum of History in Ho Chi Minh City is one of the few extant writings that can be attributed confidently to the kingdom of Funan. The text is in Sanskrit, written in Grantha alphabet of the Pallava dynasty, dated to the mid-5th century AD, and tells of a donation in honor of Vishnu by a Prince Gunavarman of the Kaundinya lineage. “Funan stele” by Bình Giang – Own work. Licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons – https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Funan_stele.JPG#/media/File:Funan_stele.JPG

    ‘

    Kingdom of Funan (Chinese: 扶南; pinyin: Fúnán) (Khmer: អាណាចក្រហ្វូណន) was the name given by the Chinese to an ancient kingdom located in southern Southeast Asia centered on the Mekong Delta that existed from the first to sixth century CE. The name is found in Chinese historical texts describing the kingdom, and the most extensive descriptions are largely based on the report of two Chinese diplomats, Kang Tai and Zhu Ying, representing the Wu Kingdom of Nanking who sojourned in Funan in the mid-3rd century AD.:24

    Funan is known in the modern languages of the region as វ្នំ Vnom (Khmer) or នគរភ្ Nokor Phnom (Khmer), ฟูนาน (Thai), and Phù Nam (Vietnamese), however, the name Funan is not found in any texts of local origin from the period, and it is not known what name the people of Funan gave to their polity. Some scholars argued that ancient Chinese scholars transcribed the word Funanfrom a word related to the Khmer word bnaṃ or vnaṃ (modern: phnoṃ, meaning “mountain”), others however thought that Funanmay not be a transcription at all, rather it meant what it says in Chinese, meaning something like “Pacified South”.

    Like the very name of the kingdom, the ethno-linguistic nature of the people is the subject of much discussion among specialists. The leading hypotheses are that the Funanese were mostly Mon–Khmer, or that they were mostly Austronesian, or that they constituted a multi-ethnic society. The available evidence is inconclusive on this issue. Michael Vickery has said that, even though identification of the language of Funan is not possible, the evidence strongly suggests that the population was Khmer.[2] The results of archaeology at Oc Eo have demonstrated “no true discontinuity between Oc Eo and pre-Angkorian levels”, indicating Khmer linguistic dominance in the area under Funan control…

    ..

    Some scholars have identified the conqueror Hùntián of the Book of Liang with the Brahmin Kauṇḍinya who married a nāga (snake) princess named Somā, as set forth in aSanskrit inscription found at Mỹ Sơn and dated AD 658 (see below). Other scholars[15] have rejected this identification, pointing out that the word “Hùntián” has only two syllables, while the word “Kauṇḍinya” has three, and arguing that Chinese scholars would not have used a two-syllable Chinese word to transcribe a three-syllable word from another language. However, the name “Kaundinya” appears in a number of independent sources and seems to point to a figure of some importance in the history of Funan.

    Kaundinya in the Chinese sources

    Even if the Chinese “Hùntián” is not the proper transcription of the Sanskrit “Kaundinya”, the name “Kaundinya” [Kauṇḍinya, Koṇḍañña, Koṇḍinya, etc.] is nevertheless an important one in the history of Funan as written by the Chinese historians: however, they transcribed it not as “Hùntián,” but as “Qiáochénrú” 僑陳如.[17] A person of that name is mentioned in the Book of Liang in a story that appears somewhat after the story of Hùntián. According to this source, Qiáochénrú was one of the successors of the king Tiānzhú Zhāntán 天竺旃檀 (“Candana from India”), a ruler of Funan who in the year 357 AD sent tamed elephants as tribute to the Emperor Mu of Jin (r. 344–361; personal name: Sīmǎ Dān 司馬聃): “He [Qiáochénrú] was originally a Brahmin from India. There a voice told him: ʻyou must go reign over Fúnán,ʼ and he rejoiced in his heart. In the south, he arrived at Pánpán 盤盤. The people of Fúnán appeared to him; the whole kingdom rose up with joy, went before him, and chose him king. He changed all the laws to conform to the system of India.”

    Kaundinya in the inscription of Mỹ Sơn

    The story of Kaundinya is also set forth briefly in the Sanskrit inscription C. 96 of the Cham king Prakasadharma found at Mỹ Sơn. It is dated Sunday, 18 February, 658 AD (and thus belongs to the post-Funanese period) and states in relevant part (stanzas XVI-XVIII): “It was there [at the city of Bhavapura] that Kauṇḍinya, the foremost among brahmins, planted the spear which he had obtained from Droṇa’s Son Aśvatthāman, the best of brahmins. There was a daughter of a king of serpents, called “Somā,” who founded a family in this world. Having attained, through love, to a radically different element, she lived in the abode of man. She was taken as wife by the excellent Brahmin Kauṇḍinya for the sake of (accomplishing) a certain task …”.

    Kaundinya in the inscription of Tháp Mười

    This stele found at Tháp Mười inĐồng Tháp Province, Vietnam and now located in the Museum of History in Ho Chi Minh City is one of the few extant writings that can be attributed confidently to the kingdom of Funan. The text is in Sanskrit, written inGrantha alphabet of the Pallava dynasty, dated to the mid-5th century AD, and tells of a donation in honor ofVishnu by a Prince Gunavarman of the Kaundinya lineage.

    The Sanskrit inscription (K.5) of Tháp Mười (known as “Pràsàt Prằṃ Lovêṅ” in Khmer), which is now on display in the Museum of Vietnamese History in Ho Chi Minh City, refers to a Prince Guṇavarman, younger son (nṛpasunu—bālo pi) of a king Ja[yavarman] who was “the moon of the Kauṇḍinya line (… kauṇḍi[n]ya[vaṅ]śaśaśinā …) and chief “of a realm wrested from the mud”.

    Kaundinya in Khmer folklore

    The legend of Kaundinya is paralleled in modern Khmer folklore, where the foreign prince is known as “Preah Thaong” and the queen as “Neang Neak”. In this version of the story, Preah Thaong arrives by sea to an island marked by a giant thlok tree, native to Cambodia. On the island, he finds the home of the nāgas and meets Neang Neak, daughter of the nāga king. He marries her with blessings from her father and returns to the human world. The nāga king drinks the sea around the island and confers the name “Kampuchea Thipdei”, which is derived from the Sanskrit (Kambujādhipati) and may be translated into English as “the lord of Cambodia”. In another version, it is stated that Preah Thaong fights Neang Neak.

    Other occurrences of the name “Kaundinya” in the history of Funan.

    The name “Kauṇḍinya” is well-known from Tamil inscriptions of the 1st millennium AD, and it seems that Funan was ruled up the 6th century AD by a clan of the same name. According to the Nán Qí shū 南齊書 (Book of Southern Qi) of Xiāo Zīxiǎn 簫子顯 (485–537) the Fúnán king Qiáochénrú Shéyébámó 僑陳如闍耶跋摩 (Kauṇḍinya Jayavarman) “sent in the year 484 the Buddhist monk Nàqiéxiān 那伽仙 (Nāgasena) to offer presents to the Chinese emperor and to ask the emperor at the same time for help in conquering Línyì (north of Campā) … The emperor of China thanked Shéyébámó for his presents, but sent no troops against Línyì”.

    Citation.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Funan#History

  • Valley Of Shiva Lingas Kbal Spean Cambodia

    We have temples with 108 Lingas, and there is a temple in Karnataka, India with 9 Million Shiva Lingas.

     

    But there is a Valley of Shiva Lingas in Cambodia.

     

    River Valley of Shiva Lingas,Kbal Spean.jpg
    River Valley of Shiva Lingas,Kbal Spean.

     

    Started by  King Suryavarman I and ended with the reign of King Udayadityavarman II, between the 11th and 12th centuries,

     

    “Kbal Spean (Khmer: ក្បាលស្ពាន) (“Bridge Head”) is an Angkorian era archaeological site on the southwest slopes of the Kulen Hills to the northeast of Angkor in Siem Reap District, Siem Reap Province, Cambodia. It is situated along a 150m stretch of the Stung Kbal Spean River, 25 kilometres (16 mi) from the main Angkor group of monuments.

     

    The site consists of a series of stone carvings in sandstone formations carved in the river bed and banks. It is commonly known as the “Valley of a 1000 Lingas” or “The River of a Thousand Lingas”. The motifs for stone carvings are mainly myriads of lingams (phallic symbol of Hindu god Shiva), depicted as neatly arranged bumps that cover the surface of a sandstone bed rock, and lingam–yoni designs. There are also various Hindu mythological motifs, including depictions of the gods Shiva, Vishnu, Brahma, Lakshmi, Rama, and Hanuman, as well as animals (cows and frogs)”

     

    How to reach.

     

    • Kbal Spean is located 50 kms northeast of Siem Reap and a direct trip by tuk-tuk takes about an hour. A visit to Kban Spean can be combined with a visit to the temple of Banteay Srei, which is 15 kms directly south of the road.
    • An Angkor Pass is required for entry to Kbal Spean. For more info about Angkor Pass, please go here.
    • The last entry on the trail is at 3:30 pm.
    • Best time to visit the site is from May to December when the river and the waterfall have a good flow.
    • Suggested accommodation: We stayed at Shinta Mani, a beautiful and contemporary boutique hotel and we highly recommend. We call it a hotel with a heart as it donates part of your nightly rate to help local communities. It has a non-profit component that trains locals in hospitality business as well as contributes in health programs.

     

    Citation.

    wiki.

    Image credit.

     

     http://www.travelingsolemates.com/kbal-spean-the-river-of-thousand-lingas/

     

     

     

     

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  • Malaria becomes Drug Resistant

    "Ring forms" of the Plasmodium falci...
    "Ring forms" of the Plasmodium falciparum (malaria) parasite, inside red blood cells. Microscope image using 100x oil-immersion lens. From a blood smear, stained with hematoxylin. (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

     

    Malarial Parasites have become drug resistant, team of Researchers in Thailand report.

    The reason attributed is over usage of the Drug which has made the parasite immune to the medication.

    Frequent and over usage of Antibiotics and drugs of any nature spoils one’s health and the bacteria/virus becomes drug resistant.

    Allow the body immune system reasonable time to take action by itself.

    Refers to:

    There are fears the disease could be spreading after a strain of Plasmodium falciparum has been discovered on the border of Thailand and Burma – 500 miles away from western Cambodia, where the first cases of the parasite were reported in 2009.

    Tests by a team of British and Thai scientists over a 10-year period have found the most dangerous species of malaria parasites, spread by mosquitoes, are becoming more resistant to the most effective treatments containing artemisinin, a drug derived from the sweet wormwood shrub.

    Report in Lancet.

    ”

    Background

    Artemisinin-resistant falciparum malaria has arisen in western Cambodia. A concerted international effort is underway to contain artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum, but containment strategies are dependent on whether resistance has emerged elsewhere. We aimed to establish whether artemisinin resistance has spread or emerged on the Thailand—Myanmar (Burma) border.

    Methods

    In malaria clinics located along the northwestern border of Thailand, we measured six hourly parasite counts in patients with uncomplicated hyperparasitaemic falciparum malaria (≥4% infected red blood cells) who had been given various oral artesunate-containing regimens since 2001. Parasite clearance half-lives were estimated and parasites were genotyped for 93 single nucleotide polymorphisms.

    Findings

    3202 patients were studied between 2001 and 2010. Parasite clearance half-lives lengthened from a geometric mean of 2·6 h (95% CI 2·5—2·7) in 2001, to 3·7 h (3·6—3·8) in 2010, compared with a mean of 5·5 h (5·2—5·9) in 119 patients in western Cambodia measured between 2007 and 2010. The proportion of slow-clearing infections (half-life ≥6·2 h) increased from 0·6% in 2001, to 20% in 2010, compared with 42% in western Cambodia between 2007 and 2010. Of 1583 infections genotyped, 148 multilocus parasite genotypes were identified, each of which infected between two and 13 patients. The proportion of variation in parasite clearance attributable to parasite genetics increased from 30% between 2001 and 2004, to 66% between 2007 and 2010.

    Interpretation

    Genetically determined artemisinin resistance in P falciparum emerged along the Thailand—Myanmar border at least 8 years ago and has since increased substantially. At this rate of increase, resistance will reach rates reported in western Cambodia in 2—6 years.
    1. “Study leader Professor Francois Nosten, director of the Shoklo Malaria Research Unit in Thailand, warned of a “race against time” to halt the spread of the potentially untreatable malaria.

    He told Sky News: “If the situation continues to deteriorate then it could mean that the newest drugs that we have to treat malaria now which are the derivatives of artemisinin, will be progressively inefficient, ineffective.

    “We know what the consequences of this will be because we have seen it in the past… it results in increasing number of cases of malaria and therefore more deaths, and so we are very concerned.”

    “It is not a new strain. It is the same species of parasite, but it is evolving rapidly.

    “The reason why it has evolved resistance to new treatments is probably because we have been using them a lot over the last 20 years. They were the only treatments that could effectively cure the disease.

    “We can still treat the patient with these drugs and they get better and they get cured, it just takes longer for them to clear the disease.

    “We don’t know yet whether this is a spreading phenomenon – whether this resistance has spread from Cambodia to the Thai-Burma border, or whether it is emerging spontaneously.”

    He said: “We have now seen the emergence of malaria resistant to our best drugs, and these resistant parasites are not confined to western Cambodia.

    “This is very worrying indeed and suggests that we are in a race against time to control malaria in these regions before drug resistance worsens and develops and spreads further. The effect of that happening could be devastating.

    http://news.sky.com/home/world-news/article/16203828