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Tag: Atlantis

  • Atala Atlantis Sutala Greek Utopia Hindu Texts

    The references to ancient Lands, Islands,and Oceans in the Hindu Purana are intriguing.

     

    The Descriptions are quite vivid in all the Puranas.

     

    One of the main rules for a Purana is the description of the Earth and the Universe.

    SShiva with the Third Eye.jpg
    Lord Shiva.

     

    While there are some differences in the descriptions of the Universe, stories and legends , there is no deviation at all when they speak of the description of the earth and the various Geographical entities on the Earth.

    The ancient Tamil classics also confirm this.

     

    There are Fourteen lokas, Dwelling Places described in the Purana.

     

    The Fourteen Lokas.

     

    Bhuu,

     

    Bhuvas,

     

    Svar,

     

    Mahas,

     

    Jana,

     

    Tapa and

     

    Satya .

     

    And The Seven Paatalas (lower worlds) are:

     

    Atala,

     

    Vitala,

     

    Sutala,

     

    Rasaataala,

     

    Talatala,

     

    Mahaatala and

     

    Paatala.

     

    While they lend themselves to philosophical interpretations, there is now evidence from the literature of other cultures like Mayas, Suemrians,TamiEgypt and Greeks.

     

    ‘The Hindu traditions speak of Atala, a sunken Paradise lying in the Far East. Atala is one of the seven paradisial Hells (lokas) of the Hindus. These were the archetypes of the Seven Isles of the Blest of the Greeks and of the Seven Atlantic Islands of Medieval Traditions. Atala is often identified with Sutala (“the Foundation Land”) which is the name the Hindus gave to their pristine Paradise. Its name means, in Sanskrit, “nowhere” or, yet, “sunken land”. This etym is the same as the Greek one of Utopia or Erewhon of Gnostic traditions. In other words, traditions of a sunken Paradise such as the Elysium (or Isles of the Blest) of the Greeks, the Amenti or Punt of the Egyptians, the Eden of the Jews and the Dilmun of the Babylonians all spring from that of the Atala or Sutala of the ancient Hindus.’

    • Not only Plato, but other contemporary writers such as Herodotus, Aristotle, Hecateus of Miletus and Skylax of Carianda explicitly utilized that name of “Atlantic Ocean”, which indeed dates from before the times of Plato. Plato specifically acknowledges the fact that the name is due to Atlas and the Atlanteans. Earlier authors such as Homer and Hesiod spoke of the Circular Ocean that surrounded the whole (ancient) world and which was the site of some sunken islands or a continent vaguely associated with Atlantis. The notion had come to Greece and Egypt from Indian traditions concerning the Açayana (“World Encircling Ocean”) and the paradisial sunken realms such as the “White Islands” (Saka-dvipa).
    • Hindu traditions speak of partly sunken islands of the ocean called by names such as Atala, Patala, Shveta-Dvipa (“Pure Land”) or Saka-Dvipa (“White Islands”). These paradisial islands were the remains of a vast sunken continent which they called Rutas. This sunken continent they sited somewhere in the outer ocean that encircled the (ancient) world. The sinking of this vast continent was ascribed to the collapse of its Holy Mountain, called Meru or Atalas. This collapse also caused the skies to fall and to asphyxiate that paradisial land which subsequently sunk in the (Indian) ocean. It is from this myth of Atala and its Holy Mountain, Atalas, that the Greeks got their myths on Atlas and on Atlantis.
    • Greek myths tell the legend of the Atlantides, the seven beautiful daughters of the Titan Atlas, the founding father of Atlantis. The Atlantides are also called Pleiades or Hesperides, and personify the seven Islands of the Blest, which the Greeks obscurely placed in the Outer Ocean (Atlantic). These Islands of the Blest became vaguely confused with the Canary Islands. But after these islands were discovered and proved rather barren, the Atlantic Islands receded to remoter regions, and figured just about everywhere in the ancient maps. But they kept the ancient tradition on the seven islands which were the remains of sunken Atlantis.
    • As we said above, the Greeks copied their legends on Atlas and Atlantis from the Hindu ones on Atalas (Shiva) and on Atala, the sunken paradise of the Hindus. As in the Greek traditions, Atalas – whose name is Sanskrit and means “Pillar” – was deemed to be the “Pillar of the World”, just as was Atlas in Greece. Atala was, like Atlantis, a sunken continent destroyed by a fiery cataclysm, and which lay in the Outer Ocean. Since the Greek legend is of Hindu origin and was simply transferred to their western region when the Greeks moved to their present whereabouts, it is idle to quest for Atlantis in the ocean nowadays called Atlantic. Instead, we must seek Atlantis in the ocean which the Hindus called “Ocean of the Atlanteans” or “Western Ocean”, and which is none other than the Indian Ocean.
    • The Hindus have many traditions on a sunken continent that was the paradisial region where mankind and civilization first originated. One such was Tripura, “the Triple City”. When we recall the fact that Atlantis was, like Tripura, a triple city with metallic walls and golden palaces, we cannot but conclude that the two traditions, if indeed based on actual fact, refer to the one and same thing. Moreover, as happened with Atlantis, the inhabitants of Tripura were originally extremely pious. But, with the passage of time, they also became evil and perverse, and were destroyed by Shiva. It is because of this feat that Shiva got the epithet of Tripurantaka (“Destroyer of Tripura”). As with Lanka (see below) and Atlantis, Tripura was built upon a mountain so lofty, that it was said to reside in the skies.
    • Another Hindu legend on a sunken empire that was the archetype of Atlantis concerns Lanka, and is told in detail in the Ramayana. The saga of the destruction of Lanka by Rama and Hanumant was the original on which Homer’s Illiad was based. Just as the Ramayana tells the story of Lanka and the rescue of Shita, the spouse of Rama kidnapped by the evil Ravana, the Illiad recounts the destruction of Troy and the rescue of the fickle Helen, kidnapped by Paris. Troy, with its bronzy walls and golden palaces was just one of the many allegories of Atlantis. In contrast to the small village discovered by Schliemann in Turkey, the true Troy lay in the Outer Ocean. It was a magnificent capital and sank into the ocean after its destruction and incending in the great war with the “Greeks” of an earlier age. The parallels between Troy and Atlantis are too many to be discarded. And those between Plato’s Atlantis and the Lanka of the Hindus show, in an unequivocal manner, that it is in the Far Orient and the underseas, and not in the Mediterranean region, that we must quest for the real Troy and the real Atlantis.

    Citation.

    http://www.atlan.org/articles/corroborating_evidence/

  • Atlantis People Descendants Of Shiva Ganesha Muruga

    One can not wish away the concept of legends of Lemuria ,Atlantis.

    They are found in many a civilization’s legends,the civilizations set apart by distance and cultural practices.

    Descriptions and references are found in Greek,Latin,Spanish, Nordic, Sanskrit and Tamil.

    1.From the Hindu texts it may be inferred that it was inhabited by the descendants of Shiva, Ganesha and Subrahmanya.

    .Shiva with Trident.jpg
    Shiva in Atlantis .Shiva with Trident.

    Tamil literature speaks of  the great Tsunamis, repeatedly emphasized in Sangam Literature , about 5000 old and this is backed by the Puranas.

    Or the Tamil literature might be backing up the Purana.

    Lord Rama’s ancestor, Vaivasvatha Manu left from the Dravidian South for the Saraswathi valley and his successor’s founded the Ayodhya Kingdom.

    Manu left by the Arabian sea route and traveled to the Sarasvathi river initially.

    Shiva with his offspring Ganesha and Subrahmanya, referred to as Murugan in Tamil, left by the Arabian sea through the Arabian peninsula to settle down in the Europe, Africa and Latin American countries.

    Manu’s descendants also spread towards the north and north-east through Iran, Russia and went as far as the Arctic.

    The Rig Veda is reported to have been complied in the Arctic.

    2.References found in the Hindu Texts indicate that the people who left by the Arabian sea through the middle east mingled with the local people in those area and so were treated as Milechas by the Sarasvati Valley people.

    There seems to have been a constant war going on between these two Groups and those in the region of the Atlantis were referred to as Asuras, the powerful.

    3.Asuras are different from the Rakshasas who lived in the southern part of  thepresent India from SriLanka down wards, eastwards.

    Ravana is one such Rakshasa.

    This is mentioned in Tamil Literature  while speaking about Lemuria Continent.

    The Vedic and Purana texts  refer them as Southerners, Dravida.

    4.There have also been a clashes between the Lemurians and the Atlantis people.

    This again is mentioned n the Puranas as the clash between the Asuras and Rakshasas.

    5.In the Ramayana Sugreeva was asked to search for Sita in Peru and the Nazca lines are the Trishula Marks of Shiva.

    Plato’s description of Atlantis.

    ”

    But when the divine portion began to fade away in them, being diluted too often and too much by admixture with mortal blood, and the human nature began to preponderate, they became unable to control their behavior and became unseemly… and grew visibly debased…

    Then, Zeus, the god of gods, who rules by law… seeing that an honorable race was in a most wretched state, and intending to punish them, that they might be purified and improve… gathered all gods together and spake as follows:…”…

    There is a story which even you have preserved, that once upon a time Phaethon, the son of Helios, having yoked the steeds in his father’s chariot, because he was not able to drive them in the path of his father, burnt up all that was upon the earth, and was himself destroyed by a thunderbolt. Now, this has the form of a myth, but really signifies a declination of the bodies moving around the earth and in the heavens, and a great conflagration of things upon the earth recurring at long intervals of time: when this happens, those who live upon the mountains and in dry and lofty places are more liable to destruction than those who dwell by rivers or on the sea-shore; and from this calamity the Nile, who is our never-failing savior, saves and delivers us.

    When, on the other hand, the gods purge the earth with a deluge of water, among you herdsmen and shepherds on the mountains are the survivors, whereas those of you who live in cities are carried by the rivers into the sea; but in this country neither at that time nor at any other does the water come from above on the fields, having always a tendency to come up from below, for which reason the things preserved here are said to be the oldest.

    The fact is, that wherever the extremity of winter frost or of summer sun does not prevent, the human race is always increasing at times, and at other times diminishing in numbers. And whatever happened either in your country or in ours, or in any other region of which we are informed–if any action which is noble or great, or in any other way remarkable has taken place, all that has been written down of old, and is preserved in our temples; whereas you and other nations are just being provided with letters and the other things which States require; and then, at the usual period, the stream from heaven descends like a pestilence, and leaves only those of you who are destitute of letters and education; and thus you have to begin all over again as children, and know nothing of what happened in ancient times, either among us or among yourselves.

    As for those genealogies of yours which you have recounted to us, Solon, they are no better than the tales of children; for, in the first place, you remember one deluge only, whereas there were many of them; and, in the next place, you do not know that there dwelt in your land the fairest and noblest race of men which ever lived, of whom you and your whole city are but a seed or remnant. And this was unknown to you, because for many generations the survivors of that destruction died and made no sign.

    For there was a time, Solon, before that great deluge of all, when the city which now is Athens was first in war, and was preeminent for the excellence of her laws, and is said to have performed the noblest deeds, and to have had the fairest constitution of any of which tradition tells, under the face of heaven.’

    Solon marveled at this, and earnestly requested the priest to inform him exactly and in order about these former citizens.

    ‘You are welcome to hear about them, Solon,’ said the priest, ‘both for your own sake and for that of the city; and, above all, for the sake of the goddess who is the common patron and protector and educator of both our cities. She founded your city a thousand years before ours, receiving from the Earth and Hephaestus the seed of your race, and then she founded ours, the constitution of which is set down in our sacred registers as 8000 years old.

    As touching the citizens of 9000 years ago, I will briefly inform you of their laws and of the noblest of their actions; and the exact particulars of the whole we will hereafter go through at our leisure in the sacred registers themselves. If you compare these very laws with your own, you will find that many of ours are the counterpart of yours, as they were in the olden time.

    In the first place, there is the caste of priests, which is separated from all the others; next there are the artificers, who exercise their several crafts by themselves, and without admixture of any other; and also there is the class of shepherds and that of hunters, as well as that of husbandmen; and you will observe, too, that the warriors in Egypt are separated from all the other classes, and are commanded by the law only to engage in war; moreover, the weapons with which they are equipped are shields and spears, and this the goddess taught first among you, and then in Asiatic countries, and we among the Asiatics first adopted.’

    Citation:

    http://ascendingpassage.com/plato-atlantis-critias.htm

    http://www.lost-civilizations.net/horse-sacrifice-atlantis-indies-4.html#long

    Related.

    http://ramanisblog.in/2014/07/31/search-sita-in-peru-nazca-lines-sugreeva-ramayana/

    http://ramanisblog.in/2014/08/09/ramas-ancestor-manu-dravida-bhagavatha-purana/

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  • Vedic Sarasvathi Valley Culture From Dravida South

    Vedic Sarasvathi Valley Culture From Dravida South

    All the cultures  of the world have some sort of records,legends on the Great flood that inundated the world.

    These details are found in the Bible, Hinduism,Jewish History and Zend Avesta.

    These details are also found among the illiterate ethnic groups in the form of ballads.

    Tamil literature deals in detail about the great flood,Kadal Kol.

    Tamil Epic, among others, Silappathikaram deals exhaustively on his subject

    Portions of Tamil Nadu were submerged under the sea including the Then Madurai, the Madurai in Tamil Nadu belongs to a different period.

    Bible speaks of One flood.

    Considering the historical proof found and the number of references Tamil and Sanskrit references seem to be more authentic and they include the one mentioned in the Bible.

    We shall see how these Floods happened and their approximate dates.

    “ca. 200,000 to 50,000 BC: evolution of “the Tamilian or Homo Dravida”

    ca. 200,000 to 100,000 BC: beginnings of the Tamil language,000 BC:

    Kumari Kandam civilisation20,000 BC:

    A lost Tamil culture of the Easter Island which had an advanced civilisation.

    Lemuria submerged6087 BC:

    Second Tamil Sangam established by a Pandya king 3031 BC:

    A Chera prince in his wanderings in the Solomon Islands saw wild sugarcane and started cultivation in Present Tamil nadu.1780 BC:

    The Third Tamil Sangam established by a Pandya king7th century BC: Tolkappiyam (the earliest known extant Tamil grammar)

    Of the three Floods, the Mahabharata refernce to Chera King ,Udiyan Neduncheralathan having participated in the Mahabharata wa along with Pandya King probably relates to the Second Sangam period as the first Sangam period was wiped out when Lemuria sunk.

    This means that the earliest reference to Tamils is from Mahabharata which is dated around 3000 BC.

    ( However there is enough evidence in the Puranas and the archeological finds in Tamilnadu indicate that the Tamil Culture had thrived during or even before the Vedic, Sarasvati Valley civilization)

    The third Sangam was established by a Pandya King and his lineage may be traced back to the Vedic period.

    “And, O Yudhishthira, in the country of the Pandyas are the tirthas named Agastya and Varuna! And, O bull among men, there, amongst the Pandavas, is the tirtha called the Kumaris. Listen, O son of Kunti, I shall now describe Tamraparni. In that asylum the gods had undergone penances impelled by the desire of obtaining salvation. In that region also is the lake of Gokarna which is celebrated over the three worlds, hath an abundance of cool waters, and is sacred, auspicious, and capable, O child, of producing great merit. That lake is extremely difficult of access to men of unpurified souls. Mahabharatha 3:88[17]

    And similarly, Pandya, who dwelt on the coast-land near the sea, came accompanied by troops of various kinds to Yudhishthira, the king of kings. Mahabharatha 5:19

    Steeds that were all of the hue of the Atrusa flower bore a hundred and forty thousand principle car-warriors that followed that Sarangadhwaja, the king of the Pandyas. Mahabharatha 7.23

    In return, Malayadhwaja pierced the son of Drona with a barbed arrow. Then Drona’s son, that best of preceptors, smiling the while, struck Pandya with some fierce arrows, capable of penetrating into the very vitals and resembling flames of fire. Mahabharatha 8:20′

    Add to this the Bhagavatham stating that the Ancestor of Lord Rama, Satyavrata Manu having migrated to North with two sons to establish a Kingdom in Ayodhya.”

    This is a clear indication of the culture from the South moved to North , to Sarasvati Valley and later Indus Valley.

    Then there is the Tamil script being found in the Mohenjo-Daro.

    One batch of migration from the south took place towards the Sarasvati .

    What about the next?

    We have references about the Arctic the Home of the Rishis and Vedas, Lemuria and Atlantis being one.

    We shall examine in detail

    References.

    The Oxford History of India, 4th ed. revised by Percival Spear (reprinted Delhi�: OUP, 1974-1998), p.�43.
    [2] R.�C. Majumdar, H.�C. Raychaudhuri, Kalikinkar Data, An Advanced History of India (Madras�: Macmillan, 4th ed. 1978).
    [3] A.�L. Basham, The Wonder That Was India (Calcutta�: Rupa, 3rd ed. 1981).
    [4] K.�A. Nilakanta Sastri, A History of South India (New Delhi�: OUP, 4th edition 1975).
    [5] K. V. Raman, Excavations at Uraiyur (Tiruchirapalli) 1965-69 (Madras�: University of Madras, 1988).
    [6] K.�V. Soundara Rajan, Kaveripattinam Excavations 1963-73 (New Delhi�: Archaeological Survey of India, 1994).
    [7] See The Ancient Port of Arikamedu�New Excavations and Researches 1989-1992, vol. 1, ed. Vimala Begley (Pondicherry�: �cole Fran�aise d�Extr�me-Orient, 1996).
    [8] As reported in The New Indian Express (Coimbatore edition), 12 April 2000. The occasion was a debate on �saffronization of the education system,� and the full first part of the quotation is�: �The RSS has gone to the extent of saying that Dravidian civilization is part of Hinduism….�
    [9] For a good overview of the archaeological picture of ancient South India, see K.�V. Raman, �Material Culture of South India as Revealed in Archaeological Excavations,� in The Dawn of Indian Civilization (Up To c.�600�BC), ed. G.�C. Pande (Delhi�: Centre for Studies in Civilizations, 1999), p. 531-546.
    [10] K.�A. Nilakanta Sastri, A History of South India, p. 84.
    [11] Uttankita Sanskrit Vidya Aranya Epigraphs vol. II, Prakrit and Sanskrit Epigraphs 257 BC to 320 AD, ed. K.�G. Krishnan (Mysore�: Uttankita Vidya Aranya Trust, 1989), p.�16 ff, 42 ff.
    [12] Ibid., p. 151 ff.
    [13] R. Nagaswamy, Art and Culture of Tamil Nadu (New Delhi�: Sundeep Prakashan, 1980), p. 23.
    [14] B. Narasimhaiah, Neolithic and Megalithic Cultures in Tamil Nadu (Delhi�: Sundeep Prakashan, 1980), p.�211�; also in Bridget and Raymond Allchin, The Rise of Civilization in India and Pakistan (New Delhi�: Cambridge University Press, 1996), p. 331.
    [15] B. Narasimhaiah, Neolithic and Megalithic Cultures in Tamil Nadu, p. 203.
    [16] I.�K. Sarma, Religion in Art and Historical Archaeology of South India (Madras�: University of Madras, 1987), p.�33.
    [17] K.�V. Raman, Sakti Cult in Tamil Nadu�a Historical Perspective (paper presented at a seminar on Sakti Cult, 9th session of the Indian Art History Congress at Hyderabad, in November 2000�; in press).
    [18] William A. Noble, �Nilgiris Prehistoric Remains� in Blue Mountains, ed. Paul Hockings (Delhi�: OUP, 1989), p.�116.
    [19]Bridget and Raymond Allchin, The Rise of Civilization in India and Pakistan, p.339-340.
    [20] I.�K. Sarma, Religion in Art and Historical Archaeology of South India, p. 35.
    [21] Ibid. , p. 34.
    [22] K.�V. Raman, Excavations at Uraiyur, p.�84.
    [23] K.�V. Raman, Sakti Cult in Tamil Nadu.
    [24] K.�V. Soundara Rajan, Kaveripattinam Excavations 1963-73, p. 111-112.
    [25] Iravatham Mahadevan, �Pottery Inscriptions in Brahmi and Tamil-Brahmi� in The Ancient Port of Arikamedu, p. 295-296.
    [26] K. V. Raman, �A Note on the Square Copper Coin from Arikamedu� in The Ancient Port of Arikamedu, p. 391-392.
    [27] R. Krishnamurthy, Sangam Age Tamil Coins (Chennai�: Garnet Publications, 1997). The following examples are drawn from this book.
    [28] K. V. Raman, �Archaeological Excavations in Kanchipuram�, in Tamil Civilization, vol. 5, N�1 & 2, p.�70-71.
    [29] R. Krishnamurthy, Sangam Age Tamil Coins, p. 26.
    [30] Ibid., p. 46-47, etc.
    [31] Two important studies in this respect are�: Savita Sharma, Early Indian Symbols (Delhi�: Agam Kala Prakashan, 1990) and H. Sarkar & B.�M. Pande, Symbols and Graphic Representations in Indian Inscriptions(New Delhi�: Aryan Books International, 1999).
    [32] K.�A. Nilakanta Sastri, A History of South India, p. 130.
    [33] N. Raghunathan, Six Long Poems from Sanham Tamil (reprint Chennai�: International Institute of Tamil Studies, 1997), p.�2, 10.
    [34] K.�A. Nilakanta Sastri, A History of South India, p. 130.
    [35] Tolkappiyam Marabus 71, 72, 77, 81, quoted by S. Vaiyapuri Pillai in Life of Ancient Tamils.
    [36] Tolkappiyam,Porul 166, 176, quoted by K.�V. Sarma, �Spread of Vedic Culture in Ancient South India� in The Adyar Library Bulletin, 1983, 43:1, p.�5.
    [37] K.�V. Raman, Sakti Cult in Tamil Nadu.
    [38] Paripadal, 8.
    [39] Paripadal, 3, 9, etc..
    [40] Purananuru, 2, 93, etc. See also invocatory verse.
    [41]The last three references are quoted by K.�V. Sarma in �Spread of Vedic Culture in Ancient South India,� p. 5 & 8.
    [42] Quoted by K.�V. Sarma in �Spread of Vedic Culture in Ancient South India,� p. 8.
    [43] Purananuru, 17 as translated in Tamil Poetry Through the Ages, vol. I, Ettuttokai�: the Eight Anthologies, ed. Shu Hikosaka and G. John Samuel (Chennai�: Institute of Asian Studies, 1997), p. 311.
    44] Tiruvalluvar, The Kural, translated by P.�S. Sundaram (New Delhi�: Penguin, 1990), p.�19.
    [45] For more details on Tiruvalluvar�s indebtedness to Sanskrit texts, see V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar�s study of the Kural, as quoted by P.�T. Srinivasa Iyengar in History of the Tamils (Madras�: reprinted Asian Educational Services, 1995), p. 589-595.
    [46] V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar, Cilappatikaram (Madras�: 1939, reprinted Chennai�: International Institute of Tamil Studies, 1997), p.�57,
    [47] R. Nagaswamy, Art and Culture of Tamil Nadu, p. 7.
    [48] P. S. Subrahmanya Sastri, An Enquiry into the Relationship of Sanskrit and Tamil (Trivandrum�: University of Travancore, 1946), chapter 3.
    [49] See for instance�: K.�A. Nilakanta Sastri, �Sanskrit Elements in Early Tamil Literature,� in Essays in Indian Art, Religion and Society, ed. Krishna Mohan Shrimali (New Delhi�: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 1987)�; K.�V. Sarma, �Spread of Vedic Culture in Ancient South India� in The Adyar Library Bulletin, 1983, 43:1�; Rangarajan, �Aryan Dravidian Racial Dispute from the Point of View of Sangam Literature,� inThe Aryan Problem, eds. S.�B. Deo & Suryanath Kamath (Pune�: Bharatiya Itihasa Sankalana Samiti, 1993), p. 81-83.
    [50] K. V. Raman, �Religious Inheritance of the Pandyas,� in Sree Meenakshi Koil Souvenir (Madurai, n.d.), p.�168.
    [51] Ibid., p.�168-170.
    [52] V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar, Cilappatikaram, p.�53.
    [53] Ibid., p.�58.
    [54] John Ralston Marr, The Eight Anthologies � A Study in Early Tamil Literature (Madras�: Institute of Asian Studies, 1985), p.�vii.
    [55] K.�A. Nilakanta Sastri, �Sanskrit Elements in Early Tamil Literature,� p. 45 (emphasis mine).
    [56] John R. Marr, �The Early Dravidians,� in A Cultural History of India, ed. A.�L. Basham (Delhi�: OUP, 1983), p.�34.
    [57] Kamil Zvelebil, The Smile of Murugan�: On Tamil Literature of South India (Leiden�: E.�J. Brill, 1973), p.�20, quoted in Ganapathy Subbiah, Roots of Tamil Religious Thought (Pondicherry�: Pondicherry Institute of Linguistics and Culture, 1991), p.6.
    [58] Ibid.
    [59] M.�G.�S. Narayanan, �The Vedic-Puranic-Shastraic Element in Tamil Sangam Society and Culture,� in Essays in Indian Art, Religion and Society, p. 128.
    [60] Ibid., p. 139.
    [61] N. Raghunathan, Six Long Poems from Sanham Tamil, p. 32.
    [62]Ganapathy Subbiah, Roots of Tamil Religious Thought, p. 5.
    [63] N. Subrahmanian, The Tamils�Their History, Culture and Civilization(Madras� Institute of Asian Studies, 1996), p. 118.
    [64] Ganapathy Subbiah, Roots of Tamil Religious Thought, p. 160.
    [65] Swami Vivekananda, �Reply to the Madras Address,� The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda (Advaita Ashrama, 1948), p. 278.

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